| Perforating granuloma annulare | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Dermatology |
Perforating granuloma annulare (PGA) is a skin condition of unknown cause, usually appearing on the dorsal hands, presenting as papules with a central keratotic core.
Signs and symptoms
Perforating granuloma annulare is characterized by flesh-to-red, umbilicated papules or pustules that range in size from 1 to 5 mm. These papules are frequently arranged in an annular form and frequently have an exudate, crusting, or scaling covering them. It is possible to characterize the distribution of PGA as either generalized or localized, since only 9% of patients initially present with a single lesion.
Causes
The cause of perforating granuloma annulare is unknown.
Diagnosis
Granulomas containing histiocytes arranged in a palisading pattern surround necrobiotic collagen, which is usually represented by the deposition of mucin and infrequently fibrin, according to the histopathologic features of PGA. Furthermore, the epidermis is perforated and necrobiotic material is expelled as a result of the granulomas' location in the superficial reticular dermis.
Treatment
Complete excision, psoralen and UVA therapy, intralesional triamcinolone, and high-dose corticosteroids are among the PGA treatment options.
See also
References
- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ^ a b Jacob, Joanne S; Krenek, Gregory; Tschen, Jaime (August 24, 2020). "Perforating Granuloma Annulare Mimicking Psoriasis". Cureus. 12 (8). Cureus, Inc.: e9983. doi:10.7759/cureus.9983. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 7511076. PMID 32983684.
- ^ a b c Alves, João; Barreiros, Hugo; Bártolo, Elvira (September 4, 2014). "Perforating Granuloma Annulare — An Unusual Subtype of a Common Disease". Healthcare. 2 (3). MDPI AG: 338–345. doi:10.3390/healthcare2030338. ISSN 2227-9032. PMC 4934595. PMID 27429281.
- ^ a b Witkoff, Benjamin M.; Ivanov, Nedyalko N.; Trotter, Shannon C. (August 6, 2019). "Perforating Granuloma Annulare Appearing as a Psoriasiform Lesion". Case Reports in Dermatology. 11 (2). S. Karger AG: 233–238. doi:10.1159/000501875. ISSN 1662-6567. PMC 6738183. PMID 31543770. (Retracted, see doi:10.1159/000519791)
Further reading
- Lopez-Navarro, Norberto; Castillo, Rosa; Gallardo, MarÍa A.; Alcaide, Antonio; Matilla, Alfredo; Herrera, Enrique (January 1, 2008). "Successful treatment of perforating granuloma annulare with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment". Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 19 (6). Informa UK Limited: 376–377. doi:10.1080/09546630802132650. ISSN 0954-6634. PMID 18608717. S2CID 28009992.
- Peñas, Pablo F.; Jones-Caballero, María; Fraga, Javier; Sánchez-Pérez, Javier; García-Díez, Amaro (1997). "Perforating granuloma annulare". International Journal of Dermatology. 36 (5). Wiley: 340–348. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00047.x. ISSN 0011-9059. PMID 9199980. S2CID 24831501.