The following is a list of automatically generated spelling and grammar suggestions for vital articles. To participate, review suggestions by either fixing the indicated errors in the articles or dismissing invalid suggestions. After implementing or dismissing a suggestion, remove it from this page so other editors don't check it again. Not all AI suggestions are correct so please review them critically. For more details, see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Guild_of_Copy_Editors#Project_to_fix_mistakes_in_vital_articles_with_AI_assistance. Phlsph7 (talk) 09:25, 2 February 2025 (UTC)
| − | Jaimini went to those four birds and was able to clear | + | Jaimini went to those four birds and was able to clear his doubts and confusions. |
- Explanation: The word "is" is a typographical error and should be corrected to "his" to indicate possession, referring to Jaimini's doubts and confusions. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | His influence on Buddha and Buddhism | + | His influence on Buddha and Buddhism has long been the subject of scholarly studies. |
- Explanation: The subject "influence" is singular, so the verb should be "has" instead of "have" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | There have been accusations | + | There have been accusations by orthodox Buddhists that Sarvastivadins are heavily influenced by the Sankhya school of philosophy. |
- Explanation: The preposition "by" is more appropriate than "of" to indicate who is making the accusations. Additionally, "the" is needed before "Sankhya school of philosophy" to specify the particular school being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Kapila is the tenth child of sage Kardama and Devahūti. | + | Kapila is the tenth child of the sage Kardama and Devahūti. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "sage Kardama" to specify the particular sage being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Kardama is provided a boon by Narayana that he would | + | Kardama is provided a boon by Narayana that he would be born as his son. |
- Explanation: The phrase "he would himself be born" is awkward and redundant. Removing "himself" clarifies the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Gaudapada (~500 CE), an Advaita Vedanta scholar, in his Bhasya called Kapila | + | Gaudapada (~500 CE), an Advaita Vedanta scholar, in his Bhasya called Kapila one of the seven great sages along with Sanaka, Sananda, Sanatana, Asuri, Vodhu, and Pancasikha. |
- Explanation: The word "as" is unnecessary in this context and should be removed. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and" in a list of three or more items. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The Buddhist sources mention that the city of Kapilavastu | + | The Buddhist sources mention that the city of Kapilavastu was built in honor of Kapila. |
- Explanation: The verb "is" should be changed to "was" to correctly indicate the past tense, as the construction of the city is a historical event. The phrase "in the honor of" should be corrected to "in honor of" for proper idiomatic usage. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Unlike Pāṇini's objectives in the Ashtyadhyayi, which | + | Unlike Pāṇini's objectives in the Ashtyadhyayi, which are to distinguish correct forms and meanings from incorrect ones (shabdaunushasana), Patanjali's objectives are more metaphysical. |
- Explanation: The subject "objectives" is plural, so the verb should also be plural ("are" instead of "is"). (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | There is a fourth scholar also named Patanjali, who likely lived in | + | There is a fourth scholar also named Patanjali, who likely lived in the 8th century and wrote a commentary on Charaka Samhita, and this text is called Carakavarttika. |
- Explanation: The phrase "in 8th-century" should include the definite article "the" to correctly refer to a specific century. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and this text" to separate the clauses for clarity. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text | + | The scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text range from the 8th to 4th centuries BCE, and later stages extend up to the 3rd century CE, although the original date of composition is unknown. |
- Explanation: The verb "ranging" should be corrected to "range" to agree with the subject "estimates." Additionally, "extending" should be corrected to "extend" for parallel structure. The article "the" is needed before "original date" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The full moon day of Hindu month of Ashvin is celebrated as the birth anniversary of the poet. | + | The full moon day of the Hindu month of Ashvin is celebrated as the birth anniversary of the poet. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "Hindu month" to specify which month is being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | An area in Chennai, | + | An area in Chennai, Tiruvanmiyur, is believed to derive its name from Sage Valmiki, Thiru-Valmiki-Oor. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Tiruvanmiyur" to correctly punctuate the sentence, as it is an appositive providing additional information about the area in Chennai. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | When Urvashi was seen by Varuna and Mitra, Vasishtha | + | When Urvashi was seen by Varuna and Mitra, Vasishtha re-emerged from them. |
- Explanation: The word "re-emerged" should be hyphenated to correctly indicate the prefix "re-" meaning "again" combined with the verb "emerged." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This story, states Agarwal, may have very ancient roots, where 'the early man observed the braiding process of the Satluj' and because such a story could not have invented without the residents observing an ancient river (in Rajasthan) drying up and its tributaries such as Sutlej reflowing to merge into Indus river. | + | This story, states Agarwal, may have very ancient roots, where 'the early man observed the braiding process of the Satluj' and because such a story could not have been invented without the residents observing an ancient river (in Rajasthan) drying up and its tributaries such as Sutlej reflowing to merge into the Indus river. |
- Explanation: The phrase "could not have invented" is missing the past participle "been," which is necessary for the correct formation of the perfect passive voice. Additionally, "Indus river" should be "the Indus river" to correctly use the definite article with a proper noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | There is also an instance mentioned in | + | There is also an instance mentioned in Mandala 7 of the Rigveda about the Battle of the Ten Kings. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" before "Mandala 7" is unnecessary and should be removed for correct grammatical structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | However, later, Vishvamitra undertook severe penances for thousands of years and became a Brahmarshi. |
- Explanation: The word "betook" is incorrect in this context. The correct verb is "undertook," which means to begin or engage in a task or responsibility. Additionally, a comma is needed after "However" to properly punctuate the introductory adverb. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A copper casting of a human head styled in the manner described for Vasishtha was discovered in 1958 in Delhi. | + | A copper casting of a human head styled in the manner described for Vasishtha was discovered in 1958 in Delhi. |
- Explanation: No correction is needed here; the sentence is correct as is. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Most of the stories related to Vishvamitra's life | + | Most of the stories related to Vishvamitra's life are narrated in the Valmiki Ramayana. |
- Explanation: The subject "stories" is plural, so the verb should be "are" instead of "is" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | Vasistha accompanied him by becoming a bird himself to help him. |
- Explanation: The name "Vasishta" should be consistently spelled as "Vasistha" to match the rest of the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | There were several such instances of violent | + | There were several such instances of violent encounters between the sages and at times, Brahma, god of creation, had to intervene. |
- Explanation: The noun "encounter" should be plural "encounters" to match the plural subject "instances." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He succeeded in the | + | He succeeded in the killing of Vasistha's thousand sons but not Vasistha himself. |
- Explanation: The word "killings" should be singular "killing" to correctly refer to the act of killing multiple individuals. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In another version of the story, Sunahshepa is lost son of Vishvamitra. | + | In another version of the story, Sunahshepa is the lost son of Vishvamitra. |
- Explanation: The article "the" is needed before "lost son" to specify that Sunahshepa is a particular lost son. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Rama is prince of Ayodhya, and the seventh Avatar of god Vishnu. | + | Rama is the prince of Ayodhya, and the seventh Avatar of god Vishnu. |
- Explanation: The article "the" is needed before "prince" to specify that Rama is a particular prince. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He also leads them to the Swayamvara ceremony for princess Sita, who becomes wife of Rama. | + | He also leads them to the Swayamvara ceremony for princess Sita, who becomes the wife of Rama. |
- Explanation: The article "the" is needed before "wife" to specify that Sita becomes a particular wife. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Gayatri mantra is repeated and cited very widely in Vedic literature and praised in several well-known classical Hindu texts such as Manusmriti... | + | The Gayatri mantra is repeated and cited very widely in Vedic literature and praised in several well-known classical Hindu texts such as Manusmriti... |
- Explanation: The article "The" is needed before "Gayatri mantra" to specify that it is a particular mantra being discussed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vishvamitra had many children | + | Vishvamitra had many children with different women. |
- Explanation: The preposition "with" is more appropriate than "from" when referring to having children with someone. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vyasa" (Vyāsa) means "compiler," | + | Vyasa" (Vyāsa) means "compiler," "arranger," and also means "separation," or "division. |
- Explanation: The sentence is missing a closing quotation mark after "arranger," and there is an unnecessary comma after "or." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vyasa is commonly known as "Vedvyasa" (Sanskrit: वेदव्यास, Vedavyāsa) as he divided the single, eternal Veda into four separate books—Rigveda, Samaveda, | + | Vyasa is commonly known as "Vedvyasa" (Sanskrit: वेदव्यास, Vedavyāsa) as he divided the single, eternal Veda into four separate books—Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed before "and" in a list of four items to maintain proper punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In the Mahabharata, Vyasa is also called Krishna, which refers to his dark complexion (krishna), and as Dvaipāyana, as his birthplace was on an island | + | In the Mahabharata, Vyasa is also called Krishna, which refers to his dark complexion (krishna), and as Dvaipāyana, as his birthplace was on an island (dvaipayana). He is also referred to as "Vaishampayan" (Sanskrit: वैशम्पायन, Vaiṣampāyana). |
- Explanation: The sentence incorrectly uses a comma instead of a period, resulting in a comma splice. A period is needed to separate the two independent clauses. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Veda Vyasa is actually a title, which is given to each sage who categorizes the Vedas into four parts | + | Veda Vyasa is actually a title, which is given to each sage who categorizes the Vedas into four parts at the beginning of Kali Yuga. |
- Explanation: The phrase "in the beginning" should be "at the beginning" to correctly indicate the point in time when the action occurs. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Earlier, Krishna Dvaipayana's father, | + | Earlier, Krishna Dvaipayana's father, Parashara, had categorized the Vedas in the 26th Chaturyuga. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Parashara" to properly set off the non-restrictive clause, and "Vedas" should be capitalized as it is a proper noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Dhritarashtra at times asks questions and expresses doubts, sometimes lamenting, fearing the destruction the war would bring on his family, | + | Dhritarashtra at times asks questions and expresses doubts, sometimes lamenting, fearing the destruction the war would bring on his family, friends, and kin. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed before "and" in a list of three or more items to separate the elements clearly. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The 100,000 verses of Vyāsa's work Mahābhārata | + | The 100,000 verses of Vyāsa's work Mahābhārata are told by Vaiṣampāyana to Janmejaya. |
- Explanation: The subject "100,000 verses" is plural, so the verb should be "are" instead of "is" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vyasa is also credited with the writing of the eighteen major Purāṇas, which are works of Indian literature that cover an encyclopedic range of | + | Vyasa is also credited with the writing of the eighteen major Purāṇas, which are works of Indian literature that cover an encyclopedic range of topics, including various scriptures. |
- Explanation: The phrase "covering various scriptures" is repetitive. Changing it to "including various scriptures" clarifies the sentence and avoids redundancy. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Paila was | + | Paila was made the incharge of Rigveda, Jaimini of the Samaveda, Vaishampayana of the Yajurveda and Sumantu of Atharvaveda. |
- Explanation: The word "the" before "made" is unnecessary and should be removed for correct sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vyāsa is also mentioned in the | + | Vyāsa is also mentioned in the Shankara Digvijaya. |
- Explanation: The diacritic mark on "Śankara" should be consistent with the rest of the text, where "Shankara" is used without the diacritic. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He approached Vaiṣṇavas, Buddhists, | + | He approached Vaiṣṇavas, Buddhists, Śaiddhānta Śaivists, and the Trika scholars. |
- Explanation: The correct term is "Śaiddhānta" rather than "Śiddhānta" when referring to the specific school of Śaivism. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Among the most prominent of his teachers, he enumerates four, two of whom were Vāmanātha, who instructed him in dualistic Śaivism, and Bhūtirāja in the | + | Among the most prominent of his teachers, he enumerates four, two of whom were Vāmanātha, who instructed him in dualistic Śaivism, and Bhūtirāja in the dualist/non-dualist school. |
- Explanation: The term "nondualist" should be hyphenated as "non-dualist" to maintain consistency with the use of compound adjectives. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Lakṣmaṇagupta, a direct disciple of Utpaladeva, in the lineage of | + | Lakṣmaṇagupta, a direct disciple of Utpaladeva, in the lineage of Tryambaka, was highly respected by Abhinavagupta and taught him all the schools of monistic thought: Krama, Trika, and Pratyabhijña (except Kula). |
- Explanation: The correct spelling of the name is "Tryambaka" rather than "Trayambaka." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This school is in fact Kaula, and it was emanated from | + | This school is in fact Kaula, and it was emanated from Tryambaka's daughter. |
- Explanation: The correct spelling of the name is "Tryambaka" rather than "Trayambaka." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In an epoch pen-painting, Abhinavagupta is depicted seated in Virasana, surrounded by devoted disciples and family, performing a kind of trance-inducing music on a veena while dictating verses of Tantrāloka to one of his | + | In an epoch pen-painting, Abhinavagupta is depicted seated in Virasana, surrounded by devoted disciples and family, performing a kind of trance-inducing music on a veena while dictating verses of Tantrāloka to one of his attendees—behind him, two dūtī (women yogi) are waiting on him. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "behind him" to separate the introductory phrase from the main clause. Additionally, the verb "are" is needed to complete the sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A legend about the moment of his death (placed somewhere between 1015 and 1025, depending on the source), says that he took with him 1,200 disciples and marched off to a | + | A legend about the moment of his death (placed somewhere between 1015 and 1025, depending on the source), says that he took with him 1,200 disciples and marched off to a cave. Today, this cave is known as Abhinavagupta Cave, located at a hill called Bairam at Beerwah, reciting his poem Bhairava-stava, a devotional work. |
- Explanation: The sentence is a run-on and needs to be split into two separate sentences for clarity. "Known by" should be corrected to "known as" to use the correct preposition. A comma is needed after "Today" to separate the introductory word from the main clause. "At hill" should be corrected to "at a hill" to include the necessary article. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | Abhinavagupta's most important work on the philosophy of art is Abhinavabhāratī – a long and complex commentary on Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni. |
- Explanation: The possessive form "Abhinavagupta's" requires an apostrophe to indicate possession. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Advaita Acharya contributed | + | Advaita Acharya contributed to two Sanskrit literatures, named Yogabashishta-Bhaishta and Geeta Bhaishya. |
- Explanation: The preposition "in" should be corrected to "to" to properly indicate contribution to a field or body of work. Additionally, "literature" should be pluralized to "literatures" to match the context of referring to two separate works. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In his latter years, Advaita became increasingly saddened by the pursuit of materialistic goals that, he believed, | + | In his latter years, Advaita became increasingly saddened by the pursuit of materialistic goals that, he believed, led to a dysfunctional, unhappy society and concluded that the only solution was to offer prayers to the god Krishna and attract people back to the joy of the spiritual life. |
- Explanation: The verb "lead" should be corrected to "led" to maintain the past tense consistency in the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Basava's | + | Basava's poems, such as Basavanna 703, speak of a strong sense of gender equality and community bond, willing to wage war for the right cause, yet being a fellow 'devotees' bride' at the time of their need. |
- Explanation: The word "poem" should be pluralized to "poems" to agree with the plural verb "speak." Additionally, the article "a" is needed before "strong sense" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Basava established, in | + | Basava established, in the 12th century, Anubhava Mantapa, a hall for gathering and discussion of spiritual ideas by any member of the society from both genders, where ardent devotees of Shiva shared their achievements and spiritual poems in the local language. |
- Explanation: The phrase "in 12th-century" should be corrected to "in the 12th century" to include the definite article "the" and to correctly format the century reference. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While Basava rejected rituals, he encouraged icons and symbols such as the wearing of Istalinga (necklace with personal linga, symbol of Shiva), of Rudraksha seeds or beads on parts of | + | While Basava rejected rituals, he encouraged icons and symbols such as the wearing of Istalinga (necklace with personal linga, symbol of Shiva), of Rudraksha seeds or beads on parts of one's body, and applying Vibhuti (sacred ash on the forehead) as a constant reminder of one's devotion and principles of faith. |
- Explanation: The phrase "one body" should be corrected to "one's body" for possessive consistency. Additionally, "apply Vibhuti" should be corrected to "applying Vibhuti" to maintain parallel structure with the other gerunds in the sentence. The phrase "on forehead" should be corrected to "on the forehead" to include the definite article "the." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair, Basava calls the path of devotion as 'beyond six systems of philosophy. Sruti has commended it as the all- | + | According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair, Basava calls the path of devotion as 'beyond six systems of philosophy. Sruti has commended it as the all-seeing, the beginning of the beginning. |
- Explanation: The period after "all-seeing" should be replaced with a comma to correctly punctuate the sentence and maintain the flow of the quoted text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Basava taught that every human being was equal, irrespective of caste, and that all forms of manual labor | + | Basava taught that every human being was equal, irrespective of caste, and that all forms of manual labor were equally important. |
- Explanation: The subject "all forms of manual labor" is plural, so the verb should be "were" instead of "was" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This, writes Michael, was also the position of south Indian man, that it was 'behavior, not birth' that determines the true man. | + | This, writes Michael, was also the position of the south Indian man, that it was 'behavior, not birth' that determines the true man. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "south Indian man" to specify the particular group being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | An individual's spiritual progress is viewed by Basava's tradition as a six-stage Satsthalasiddhanta, which progressively evolves the individual through phase of the devotee, to phase of the master, then phase of the receiver of grace, thereafter Linga in life-breath (god dwells in their soul), the phase of surrender (awareness of no distinction in god and soul, self), to the last stage of complete union of soul and god (liberation, mukti). | + | An individual's spiritual progress is viewed by Basava's tradition as a six-stage Satsthalasiddhanta, which progressively evolves the individual through the phase of the devotee, to the phase of the master, then the phase of the receiver of grace, thereafter Linga in life-breath (god dwells in their soul), the phase of surrender (awareness of no distinction in god and soul, self), to the last stage of complete union of soul and god (liberation, mukti). |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before each phase to specify the particular stages being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Basava advocated the wearing of Ishtalinga, a necklace with pendant that contains a small Shiva linga. | + | Basava advocated the wearing of Ishtalinga, a necklace with a pendant that contains a small Shiva linga. |
- Explanation: The indefinite article "a" is needed before "pendant" to correctly modify the noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The Self resides in one's body in three forms: waking state, sleeping | + | The Self resides in one's body in three forms: waking state, sleeping dream state, and in deep sleep state, according to Potter's translation. |
- Explanation: The phrase "sleeping dreamy state" should be corrected to "sleeping dream state" for consistency and clarity. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and" in a list of three or more items. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The description of these states of self | + | The description of these states of self is similar, states Arvind Sharma, to those found in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad and other ancient Hindu texts. |
- Explanation: The subject "description" is singular, so the verb should be "is" instead of "are." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In the same sense, the true reality is covered up for man even in his waking state, state Kaarikas 4-6 of Chapter Two, because, translates Potter, 'any object | + | In the same sense, the true reality is covered up for man even in his waking state, state Kaarikas 4-6 of Chapter Two, because, translates Potter, 'any object non-existent in the beginning and in the end is also non-existent in the middle'. |
- Explanation: The word "nonexistent" should be hyphenated as "non-existent" to maintain consistency with the hyphenated form used in similar contexts. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Gaudapada Kaarika states that while we do grasp objects, we perceive, we think, but this does not connote the nature of reality and unreality, just like our fear of 'a rope for a serpent in darkness'. | + | Gaudapada Kaarika states that while we do grasp objects, we perceive, we think, but this does not connote the nature of reality and unreality, just like our fear of 'a rope for a serpent in the darkness'. |
- Explanation: The phrase "in darkness" should be corrected to "in the darkness" for grammatical accuracy and clarity. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Gaudapada opens this chapter by criticizing | + | Gaudapada opens this chapter by criticizing Upasana (worship) and states that this assumes that the Brahman-Atman is unborn in the beginning and in the end, but is presently born (as jiva). |
- Explanation: A space is needed between "Upasana" and "(worship)" and between "born" and "(as jiva)" for proper punctuation and readability. Additionally, the comma after "assumes" is unnecessary and should be removed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While some Upanishads, acknowledges Gaudapada, imply a difference between individual soul and | + | While some Upanishads, acknowledges Gaudapada, imply a difference between the individual soul and Brahman, those texts are discussing the apparent distinction (duality) when one believes in apparent creation. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "individual soul" and "Brahman" to specify the particular entities being discussed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Karikas 3.17-18, Gaudapada admits that dualists disagree with this view, but the ancient texts admit duality in the context of appearances, while 'nonduality is indeed the highest | + | According to Karikas 3.17-18, Gaudapada admits that dualists disagree with this view, but the ancient texts admit duality in the context of appearances, while 'nonduality is indeed the highest reality,' translates Karmarkar. |
- Explanation: The comma should be placed inside the quotation marks according to standard punctuation rules. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Karl Potter's translation of Karikas 3.33-36, | + | According to Karl Potter's translation of Karikas 3.33-36, awareness that is without conceptual construction is unborn, and this awareness is Brahman. |
- Explanation: The article "an" is unnecessary before "awareness" as it refers to a general concept rather than a specific instance. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Karikas 3–10 | + | Karikas 3–10 repeats some content from previous chapters, but with some word substitutions. |
- Explanation: "Karikas 3–10" is treated as a singular entity, so the verb should be "repeats" to agree in number. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Karikas 90–100 | + | Karikas 90–100 present Agrayana (vehicle) to knowing. |
- Explanation: "Karikas 90–100" is treated as a plural entity, so the verb should be "present" to agree in number. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Gaudapada 'wove [both doctrines] into the philosophy of | + | Gaudapada 'wove [both doctrines] into the philosophy of Mandukya Upanisad, which was further developed by Shankara'. |
- Explanation: The correct spelling of the Upanishad is "Mandukya," not "Mandukaya." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While the first three chapters discuss Brahman and Atman (soul, Self), Chapter Four | + | While the first three chapters discuss Brahman and Atman (soul, Self), Chapter Four does not. |
- Explanation: The contraction "doesn't" should be expanded to "does not" to maintain a formal encyclopedic tone. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Swami Nikhilananda denies Buddhist influence, arguing that Gaudapada used Buddhist terminology because Buddhism was prevalent at that time, but he was ultimately an Advaita Vedantin and he disagrees with Gautama Buddha in the second | + | Swami Nikhilananda denies Buddhist influence, arguing that Gaudapada used Buddhist terminology because Buddhism was prevalent at that time, but he was ultimately an Advaita Vedantin and he disagrees with Gautama Buddha in the second-to-last verse of the Alatasanti Prakarana in the Kārikā. |
- Explanation: The phrase "second last" should be corrected to "second-to-last" for clarity and correctness in English usage. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Later additions were made in | + | Later additions were made in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries by devotees and yogis of the order. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before ordinal numbers when referring to centuries. Additionally, "century" should be pluralized to "centuries" since it refers to multiple centuries. Commas are also needed to separate items in a list. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Dang valley of Nepal, located in the south-west of the country close to India, is regarded as one of the historically significant | + | Dang valley of Nepal, located in the south-west of the country close to India, is regarded as one of the historically significant places for the disciples of Gorakhnath for over 1300 years. |
- Explanation: The word "place" should be pluralized to "places" to agree with "one of the," which implies multiple significant places. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Kumārila Bhaṭṭa could not debate Sankara as he was punishing himself | + | Kumārila Bhaṭṭa could not debate Sankara as he was punishing himself for having disrespected his Buddhist teacher by defeating him in a debate using the Vedas by self-immolation at the banks of Ganga at Prayagraj and instead directed him to argue with his student Mandana Misra in Mahiṣmati. |
- Explanation: The phrase "punishing himself to have disrespected" is grammatically incorrect. The correct form is "punishing himself for having disrespected," which properly uses the gerund form to indicate the reason for the punishment. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Madhvacharya was most ardent critic of Advaita Vedanta, accusing Shankara and the Advaitins of teaching Buddhism under the cover of Vedanta. | + | Madhvacharya was the most ardent critic of Advaita Vedanta, accusing Shankara and the Advaitins of teaching Buddhism under the cover of Vedanta. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "most ardent critic" to indicate that Madhvacharya was the specific critic being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Madhva, in | + | Madhva, in contrast, asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are different, only Vishnu is the Lord (Brahman), individual souls are also distinct and depend on Vishnu, and there are pluralities. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "in contrast" to properly set off the introductory phrase from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vishishtadvaita school, a realist system of thought like Madhvacharya's Dvaita school, also asserts that Jiva (human souls) and Brahman (as Vishnu) are different, a difference that is never transcended. | + | The Vishishtadvaita school, a realist system of thought like Madhvacharya's Dvaita school, also asserts that Jiva (human souls) and Brahman (as Vishnu) are different, a difference that is never transcended. |
- Explanation: The definite article "The" is needed before "Vishishtadvaita school" to specify which school is being discussed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While the older school of Vishishtadvaita asserted "qualitative monism and quantitative pluralism of | + | While the older school of Vishishtadvaita asserted "qualitative monism and quantitative pluralism of souls," states Sharma, Madhvacharya asserted both "qualitative and quantitative pluralism of souls." |
- Explanation: The comma should be placed inside the quotation marks according to standard punctuation rules for quotations. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | An alternate avenue evolved organically by Sishyas or Bhaktas of the Madhva Philosophy who studied these core books, read philosophy, practised asceticism | + | An alternate avenue evolved organically by Sishyas or Bhaktas of the Madhva Philosophy who studied these core books, read philosophy, practised asceticism through living a householder's life, dedicated themselves to the service of God. |
- Explanation: The word "though" is incorrect in this context and should be replaced with "through" to indicate the means by which they practiced asceticism. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This set of followers undertook the mission of carrying Madhva's teaching to the four | + | This set of followers undertook the mission of carrying Madhva's teaching to the four corners of the country using Kannada or the local language as a vehicle of communication. |
- Explanation: The word "comers" is a typographical error and should be corrected to "corners" to accurately convey the intended meaning. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The HariDasas pioneered in breaking the shackles of caste, creed and regionalism – they practiced devotion in its purest form and were instrumental in delivering the marvels of Madhva | + | The HariDasas pioneered in breaking the shackles of caste, creed and regionalism – they practiced devotion in its purest form and were instrumental in delivering the marvels of Madhva Siddhanta to the common man by way of songs, suladees and Bhakti Dasa Sahitya. |
- Explanation: The word "Siddhantha" should be corrected to "Siddhanta" to match the standard spelling of the term in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The terms 'Dasaru' and 'Vyasaru' first came into vogue at the time of | + | The terms 'Dasaru' and 'Vyasaru' first came into vogue at the time of Purandara Dasa and his religious preceptor, Vyasaraya. |
- Explanation: The name "Purandaradasa" should be corrected to "Purandara Dasa" to reflect the correct spelling of the historical figure's name. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Over time, 'Vyasakuta' meant the branch of devotees who were well-versed in Sanskrit and who knew the philosophy in the original, and 'Dasakuta' or Dasa Dasapantha, meant that branch of devotees who conveyed the | + | Over time, 'Vyasakuta' meant the branch of devotees who were well-versed in Sanskrit and who knew the philosophy in the original, and 'Dasakuta' or Dasa Dasapantha, meant that branch of devotees who conveyed the message of Dvaita philosophy through simplified vernacular Bhakti movement. |
- Explanation: The word "meassage" is a typographical error and should be corrected to "message" to accurately convey the intended meaning. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The Madhvavijaya tells about Madhva meeting the Sultan of Delhi and saying to him in fluent Persian that both worship the same one God of the universe, and that he | + | The Madhvavijaya tells about Madhva meeting the Sultan of Delhi and saying to him in fluent Persian that both worship the same one God of the universe, and that he spread the faith in God. |
- Explanation: The verb "spreads" should be corrected to "spread" to maintain the past tense consistency in the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The | + | The mathas are laid out in a rectangle, the temples on a square grid pattern. |
- Explanation: The word "matha" should be pluralized to "mathas" to agree with the plural verb "are." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The monastery | + | The monastery includes kitchens, bhojan-shala, run by monks and volunteers. |
- Explanation: The verb "include" should be "includes" to agree with the singular subject "monastery." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | It is the pontiffs and pandits of the Mathatraya that have been the | + | It is the pontiffs and pandits of the Mathatraya that have been the principal architects of post-Madhva Dvaita Vedanta through the centuries. |
- Explanation: The word "principle" should be "principal" as it refers to the main or most important architects, not a rule or fundamental truth. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma | + | Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma say, Sannyasis in the lineage of Dvaita school of Vedanta belong to Ēkadaṇḍi tradition just like the Sannyasis of Advaita of Adi Shankara. |
- Explanation: The verb "says" should be "say" to agree with the plural subject "Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma." Additionally, "belongs" should be "belong" to agree with the plural subject "Sannyasis," and "Sanyasi's" should be "Sannyasis" to correct the possessive form to a plural noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Maṇḍana | + | Maṇḍana Miśra, who was a contemporary of Shankara, is known to be a student of the Mimamsa scholar Kumarila Bhatta. |
- Explanation: The name "Miśhra" should be corrected to "Miśra" to maintain consistency with the spelling used elsewhere in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | His student Vachaspati | + | His student Vachaspati Miśra, who is believed to have been an incarnation of Shankara to popularize the Advaita view, wrote the Bhamati, a commentary on Shankara's Brahma Sutra Bhashya, and the Brahmatattva-samiksa, a commentary on Mandana Mishra's Brahma-siddhi. |
- Explanation: The name "Miśhra" should be corrected to "Miśra" to maintain consistency with the spelling used elsewhere in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Kuppuswami Sastri, it is not likely that Maṇḍana | + | According to Kuppuswami Sastri, it is not likely that Maṇḍana Miśra, the author of Brahmasiddhi, is identical with Sureśvara, but the tradition is correct in describing Maṇḍana Miśra and Śankara as contemporaries. |
- Explanation: The name "Miśhra" should be corrected to "Miśra" to maintain consistency with the spelling used elsewhere in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Maṇḍana | + | Maṇḍana Miśra's brand of Advaita differs in certain critical details from that of Śankara, whereas Sureśvara's thought is very faithful to that of Śankara. |
- Explanation: The name "Miśhra" should be corrected to "Miśra" to maintain consistency with the spelling used elsewhere in the text. Additionally, "Śhankara" should be corrected to "Śankara" to maintain consistency in the spelling of the name. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In morning when the temple-priests opened the temple-doors, they were astonished to see fresh flowers offered to the Lord and a pearl necklace missing. | + | In the morning when the temple-priests opened the temple-doors, they were astonished to see fresh flowers offered to the Lord and a pearl necklace missing. |
- Explanation: The article "the" is needed before "morning" to specify the particular time of day being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Another legend does not talk about his arrest, but says that Morya | + | Another legend does not talk about his arrest, but says that Morya realized the presence of Ganesha at Morgaon but realized that there was a hindrance in his devotion, so he moved to the forest near Tathavade to worship Ganesha. |
- Explanation: The article "a" is needed before "hindrance" to indicate that it is a singular countable noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to a story, as per his guru's orders, Morya performed penance at Theur by observing a strict fast for 42 | + | According to a story, as per his guru's orders, Morya performed penance at Theur by observing a strict fast for 42 days; within this period, he is believed to have 'divine revelations'. |
- Explanation: A semicolon is needed to properly separate the two independent clauses for clarity and correct punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | But before | + | But before that, according to some experts, he helped the deposed Mughal emperor Humayun (1508–1556) to escape to Kabul. When Humayun again became the Emperor of Delhi, he showered Morya with gifts. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "before that" for proper punctuation, and the sentence should be split into two separate sentences for clarity, as they contain distinct ideas. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | After his wife's death and his guru Nayan Bharati's sanjeevan samadhi, Morya also took sanjeevan samadhi by burying himself alive in a tomb with a holy book in his | + | After his wife's death and his guru Nayan Bharati's sanjeevan samadhi, Morya also took sanjeevan samadhi by burying himself alive in a tomb with a holy book in his hands. |
- Explanation: The plural "hands" is more appropriate as it is likely that the book would be held with both hands. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The | + | The temple enjoyed the revenue from the eight villages given by Aurangzeb in the past. |
- Explanation: The sentence refers to a singular temple, Morya's memorial temple, so "temples" should be corrected to "temple" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | On the | + | On the circumambulation path (Pradakshina path) of the Morgaon Ganesha temple, there is a tree near the Kalpavrushka Mandir. |
- Explanation: The word "circumbulation" is a misspelling. The correct term is "circumambulation," which refers to the act of moving around a sacred object or idol. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to | + | According to Rāmānuja, Brahman encompasses everything but is not uniform in nature. |
- Explanation: The name "Rāmānuja" should be consistently spelled with the diacritical marks throughout the text to maintain uniformity and accuracy in referencing the philosopher. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | There is no reason, stated Ramanuja, to prefer one part of a scripture and not | + | There is no reason, stated Ramanuja, to prefer one part of a scripture and not another, the whole of the scripture must be considered on par. |
- Explanation: The word "other" should be "another" to correctly refer to an additional part of the scripture. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita shares the theistic | + | Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita shares the theistic devotional ideas with Madhvāchārya's Dvaita. |
- Explanation: The word "devotionalism" should be "devotional" to correctly describe the type of ideas being shared. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While the 13th- to 14th-century | + | While the 13th- to 14th-century Madhvāchārya asserted both 'qualitative and quantitative pluralism of souls', Ramanuja asserted 'qualitative monism and quantitative pluralism of souls', states Sharma. |
- Explanation: The name "Madhavāchārya" should be "Madhvāchārya" to maintain consistency with the spelling used earlier in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Harold Coward describes Ramanuja as 'the founding interpreter of Sri | + | Harold Coward describes Ramanuja as 'the founding interpreter of Sri Vaishnavite scripture.' |
- Explanation: The word "Vaisnavite" should be "Vaishnavite" to correctly reflect the common spelling of the term referring to the followers of Vishnu. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Shankara has an | + | Shankara has an unparalleled status in the tradition of Advaita Vedanta. |
- Explanation: The word "unparallelled" is misspelled. The correct spelling is "unparalleled." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Clark, 'Sankara was relatively unknown during his | + | According to Clark, 'Sankara was relatively unknown during his lifetime, and probably for several centuries after, as there is no mention of him in Buddhist or Jain sources for centuries; nor is he mentioned by other important philosophers of the ninth and tenth centuries.' |
- Explanation: The word "life-time" should be "lifetime" as it is a single word. "Jain" should be capitalized as it is a proper noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In this view, Shankara's influential student Padmapada misunderstood Shankara, while his views were | + | In this view, Shankara's influential student Padmapada misunderstood Shankara, while his views were maintained by the Suresvara school. |
- Explanation: The word "manitained" is a misspelling. The correct spelling is "maintained." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In medieval times, Advaita | + | In medieval times, Advaita Vedanta's position as the most influential Hindu darsana started to take shape, as Advaitins in the Vijayanagara Empire competed for patronage from the royal court, and tried to convert others to their sect. |
- Explanation: The possessive form "Advaita Vedanta's" is needed to indicate that the position belongs to Advaita Vedanta. Additionally, "the" is required before "most influential" to specify that it is the most influential among others. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is | + | Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scant. |
- Explanation: The word "scant" is the correct adjective to use here, meaning insufficient or barely adequate. "Scanty" is typically used to describe clothing or coverage, not information. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | His existing biographies are not | + | His existing biographies are not historically accurate documents, but politically motivated hagiographies which were all written several centuries after his time and abound in legends and improbable events. |
- Explanation: The adverb "historically" is needed to modify the adjective "accurate," indicating that the accuracy pertains to historical facts. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to the oldest hagiographies, Shankara was born in the southern Indian state of Kerala, in a village named | + | According to the oldest hagiographies, Shankara was born in the southern Indian state of Kerala, in a village named Kaladi, sometimes spelled as Kalati or Karati. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Kaladi" to separate the clause "sometimes spelled as Kalati or Karati" for clarity. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A story, found in all hagiographies, | + | A story, found in all hagiographies, describes Shankara at age eight going to a river with his mother, Sivataraka, to bathe, and where he is caught by a crocodile. |
- Explanation: The verb "describe" should be in the third person singular form "describes" to agree with the singular subject "A story." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The mother agrees, Shankara is | + | The mother agrees, Shankara is freed, and leaves his home for education. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed before "and" to separate the independent clauses for clarity. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Several texts suggest | + | Several texts suggest Shankara's schooling with Govindapada happened along the river Narmada in Omkareshwar; a few place it along the river Ganges in Kashi (Varanasi) as well as Badari (Badrinath in the Himalayas). |
- Explanation: The possessive form "Shankara's" is needed to indicate that the schooling belongs to Shankara. A semicolon is used to separate the two independent clauses for better readability. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Most mention Shankara studying the Vedas, | + | Most mention Shankara studying the Vedas, Upanishads, and Brahmasutra with Govindapada, and Shankara authoring several key works in his youth while he was studying with his teacher. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Upanishads" to separate items in a list. The comma after "youth" is unnecessary and should be removed for correct punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Most also mention a meeting with scholars of the Mimamsa school of | + | Most also mention a meeting with scholars of the Mimamsa school of Hinduism, namely Kumarila and Prabhakara, as well as Mandana and various Buddhists, in Shastrartha (an Indian tradition of public philosophical debates attended by a large number of people, sometimes with royalty). |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Hinduism" to set off the nonrestrictive clause. The article "a" is needed before "large number" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While the details and chronology vary, most hagiographies present Shankara as traveling widely within India, Gujarat to Bengal, and participating in public philosophical debates with different orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, as well as heterodox traditions such as Buddhists, Jains, Arhatas, Saugatas, and Charvakas. | + | While the details and chronology vary, most hagiographies present Shankara as traveling widely within India, from Gujarat to Bengal, and participating in public philosophical debates with different orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, as well as heterodox traditions such as Buddhists, Jains, Arhatas, Saugatas, and Charvakas. |
- Explanation: The preposition "from" is needed before "Gujarat" to indicate the starting point of the travel. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to the hagiographies related to the monastery of Kanchi, Adi | + | According to the hagiographies related to the monastery of Kanchi, Adi Shankara died at Kanchi. |
- Explanation: The spelling of "Sankara" should be consistent with the rest of the text, where it is spelled as "Shankara." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Another 12-foot statue at | + | Another 12-foot statue at Kedarnath, unveiled by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 5 November 2019, is made of chlorite schist and weighs 35 tonnes. |
- Explanation: The original sentence contains a comma splice, which is a grammatical error where two independent clauses are joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction. The correction involves restructuring the sentence to properly separate the clauses. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Commentaries on Nrisimha-Purvatatapaniya and | + | Commentaries on Nrisimha-Purvatatapaniya and Shvetashvatara Upanishads are attributed to Shankara, but their authenticity is highly doubtful. |
- Explanation: The correct spelling of the Upanishad is "Shvetashvatara," not "Shveshvatara." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Similarly, commentaries on several early and later Upanishads attributed to Shankara are rejected by scholars | + | Similarly, commentaries on several early and later Upanishads attributed to Shankara are rejected by scholars as his works, and are likely works of later scholars; these include: Kaushitaki Upanishad, Maitri Upanishad, Kaivalya Upanishad, Paramahamsa Upanishad, Sakatayana Upanishad, Mandala Brahmana Upanishad, Maha Narayana Upanishad, Gopalatapaniya Upanishad. |
- Explanation: The phrase "rejected by scholars to be his works" should be corrected to "rejected by scholars as his works" for grammatical accuracy. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Nevertheless, | + | Nevertheless, Grimes argues that 'there is still a likelihood that Śaṅkara is the author of the Vivekacūḍāmaṇi,' noting that 'it differs in certain respects from his other works in that it addresses itself to a different audience and has a different emphasis and purpose.' |
- Explanation: The phrase "does Grimes argue" should be corrected to "Grimes argues" to maintain proper sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Shankara lived in the time of the great 'Late classical Hinduism', which lasted from 650 | + | Shankara lived in the time of the great 'Late classical Hinduism', which lasted from 650 to 1100 CE. |
- Explanation: The word "till" should be replaced with "to" for correct usage in indicating a range of years. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The disintegration of central power also | + | The disintegration of central power also led to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry. |
- Explanation: The verb "lead" is the present tense form, while "led" is the correct past tense form needed in this context to match the past tense of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Nakamura, comparison of the known teachings of the early Vedantins and Shankara's thought shows that most of the characteristics of Shankara's thought "were advocated by someone before | + | According to Nakamura, comparison of the known teachings of the early Vedantins and Shankara's thought shows that most of the characteristics of Shankara's thought "were advocated by someone before Shankara". |
- Explanation: The name "Śankara" should be consistently spelled as "Shankara" to match the rest of the text, unless a specific reason for the diacritical mark is provided. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Mayeda further notes that Shankara was primarily concerned with moksha, "and not with the establishment of a complete system of philosophy or theology," following Potter, who qualifies Shankara as a "speculative | + | Mayeda further notes that Shankara was primarily concerned with moksha, "and not with the establishment of a complete system of philosophy or theology," following Potter, who qualifies Shankara as a "speculative philosopher". |
- Explanation: The period should be placed outside the quotation marks because the quoted material is not a complete sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The central theme of Shankara's writings is the liberating knowledge of the true identity of jivatman (individual self) as | + | The central theme of Shankara's writings is the liberating knowledge of the true identity of jivatman (individual self) as Ātman-Brahman. |
- Explanation: The closing parenthesis after "Ātman" is misplaced and should be removed to correct the punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | One of Shankara's main concerns was establishing the Upanishads as an independent means of knowledge beyond the ritually-oriented Mīmāṃsā exegesis of the | + | One of Shankara's main concerns was establishing the Upanishads as an independent means of knowledge beyond the ritually-oriented Mīmāṃsā exegesis of the Vedas. |
- Explanation: "Vedas" should be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific set of sacred texts. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Shankara rejected those yoga system variations that suggest complete thought suppression leads to liberation, as well the view that the Shrutis teach liberation as something apart from the knowledge of the oneness of the Self. | + | Shankara rejected those yoga system variations that suggest complete thought suppression leads to liberation, as well as the view that the Shrutis teach liberation as something apart from the knowledge of the oneness of the Self. |
- Explanation: The phrase "as well" should be followed by "as" to correctly form the conjunction "as well as," which is used to add information. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In the | + | In the Upadesasahasri, Shankara is ambivalent on the need for meditation on the Upanishadic mahavakya. |
- Explanation: The word "mahavyaka" is a misspelling and should be corrected to "mahavakya," which is the correct term referring to the great sayings in the Upanishads. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | As Mayeda states, 'how they [prasamcaksa or prasamkhyana versus parisamkhyana] differ from each other | + | As Mayeda states, 'how they [prasamcaksa or prasamkhyana versus parisamkhyana] differ from each other is not known.' |
- Explanation: The phrase "in not known" is grammatically incorrect and should be corrected to "is not known" to properly convey the intended meaning. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The false notion that Atman is different from Brahman is connected with the novice's conviction that | + | The false notion that Atman is different from Brahman is connected with the novice's conviction that (Upadesasahasri II.1.25). |
- Explanation: The sentence is missing a closing parenthesis at the end of the citation, which is necessary for proper punctuation and clarity. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He learned Greek and spent the last three years reading literature and English poetry, while he also acquired some familiarity with the German and Italian languages; Peter Heehs | + | He learned Greek and spent the last three years reading literature and English poetry, while he also acquired some familiarity with the German and Italian languages; Peter Heehs summarizes his linguistic abilities by stating that at 'the turn of the century he knew at least twelve languages: English, French, and Bengali to speak, read, and write; Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit to read and write; Gujarati, Marathi, and Hindi to speak and read; and Italian, German, and Spanish to read.' |
- Explanation: The word "resumes" is incorrect in this context. The correct word is "summarizes," which means to give a brief statement of the main points, which fits the context of describing Aurobindo's linguistic abilities. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Aurobindo had no interest in the ICS and came late to the horse-riding practical exam purposefully to get himself disqualified for the service | + | Aurobindo had no interest in the ICS and came late to the horse-riding practical exam purposefully to get himself disqualified for the service. In 1891, Sri Aurobindo also felt that a period of great upheaval for his motherland was coming in which he was destined to play an important role. |
- Explanation: There is a missing space between the sentences "service." and "In 1891," which needs to be corrected for proper sentence separation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | During his stay at Baroda, he had contributed | + | During his stay at Baroda, he had contributed many articles to Indu Prakash and had spoken as a chairman of the Baroda college board. |
- Explanation: The phrase "contributed to many articles to" is incorrect. The correct phrase is "contributed many articles to," which means he wrote and submitted articles to Indu Prakash. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Aurobindo often travelled between Baroda and Bengal, at first in a bid to re-establish links with his parents' families and other Bengali relatives, including his sister Sarojini and brother Barin, and later | + | Aurobindo often travelled between Baroda and Bengal, at first in a bid to re-establish links with his parents' families and other Bengali relatives, including his sister Sarojini and brother Barin, and later to establish resistance groups across the Presidency. |
- Explanation: The phrase "and later increased to establish" is incorrect. The word "increased" is unnecessary and incorrect in this context. The sentence should simply state "and later to establish resistance groups." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In his public activities, he favored Non | + | In his public activities, he favored Non-cooperation and Passive resistance; in private he took up secret revolutionary activity as a preparation for open revolt, in case the passive revolt failed. |
- Explanation: The phrase "in case that the passive revolt failed" is incorrect. The word "that" is unnecessary and should be removed for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In 1907 at the Surat session of Congress where moderates and extremists had a major showdown, he led along with extremists | + | In 1907 at the Surat session of Congress where moderates and extremists had a major showdown, he led along with extremists including Bal Gangadhar Tilak. |
- Explanation: The phrase "he led along with extremists along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak" is repetitive. The second "along with" should be replaced with "including" to avoid redundancy. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Once out of | + | Once out of prison he started two new publications, Karmayogin in English and Dharma in Bengali. |
- Explanation: The phrase "out of the prison" is incorrect. The article "the" is unnecessary and should be removed for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Repression from the British colonial government against him continued because of his writings in his new | + | Repression from the British colonial government against him continued because of his writings in his new journals, and in April 1910 Aurobindo moved to Pondicherry, where the British colonial secret police monitored his activities. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "journals" to separate the two independent clauses for clarity and grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Some of the book series derived out of this publication | + | Some of the book series derived out of this publication were The Life Divine, The Synthesis of Yoga, Essays on The Gita, The Secret of The Veda, Hymns to the Mystic Fire, The Upanishads, The Renaissance in India, War and Self-determination, The Human Cycle, The Ideal of Human Unity and The Future Poetry, which were published in this magazine. |
- Explanation: The verb "was" should be "were" to agree with the plural subject "book series." Additionally, the sentence structure was adjusted to clarify that the books were published in the magazine. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | His letters, most of which were written in the 1930s, numbered in the several | + | His letters, most of which were written in the 1930s, numbered in the several thousands. |
- Explanation: The phrase "in the several thousand" should be "in the several thousands" to correctly indicate a large number of letters. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Around 60,000 people attended to see his body | + | Around 60,000 people attended to see his body lying in state. |
- Explanation: The phrase "resting peacefully" is not typically used in this context. "Lying in state" is the correct term for when a body is displayed for public viewing. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Instead of positing that the world we experience is an illusion (māyā), Aurobindo argues that world can evolve and become a new world with new species, far above the human species just as human species have evolved after the animal species. | + | Instead of positing that the world we experience is an illusion (māyā), Aurobindo argues that the world can evolve and become a new world with new species, far above the human species just as human species have evolved after the animal species. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "world" to specify which world is being discussed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | As | + | As such, he argued that the end goal of spiritual practice could not merely be a liberation from the world into Samadhi but would also be that of the descent of the Divine into the world in order to transform it into a Divine existence. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "As such" to properly separate the introductory phrase. Additionally, "the" is needed before "descent" to specify the particular descent being discussed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Supermind is a bridge between Sachchidananda and the lower | + | Supermind is a bridge between Sachchidananda and the lower manifestation, and it is only through the supramental that mind, life, and body can be spiritually transformed as opposed to through Sachchidananda. The descent of supermind will mean the creation of a supramental race. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed before "and" to separate the two independent clauses. Commas are also needed after "mind" and "life" in the list. A period is needed at the end of the sentence to separate it from the next sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In his | + | In his résumé, Odin states that Sri Aurobindo has overcome the ahistorical world-vision of traditional Hinduism and presented a concept which allows for a genuine advance and novelty. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "résumé" to properly separate the introductory phrase. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Though Rene Guenon thought Sri Aurobindo's thoughts were betrayed by some of his followers and that some works published under his name were not authentic, | + | Though Rene Guenon thought Sri Aurobindo's thoughts were betrayed by some of his followers and that some works published under his name were not authentic, as they were not traditional. |
- Explanation: The phrase "since not traditional" is grammatically incorrect. It should be "as they were not traditional" to properly convey the reason for the works being considered inauthentic. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The | + | The Chilean Nobel Prize winner Gabriela Mistral called Sri Aurobindo 'a unique synthesis of a scholar, a theologian and one who is enlightened.' |
- Explanation: The word "Chilenean" is a misspelling. The correct spelling is "Chilean," referring to someone from Chile. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | In 1902, he founded the short-lived 'Krishna Samaj' society in New York City and built a temple in Los Angeles. |
- Explanation: There is a missing space between "In" and "1902," which is necessary for correct spacing and readability. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | His followers later formed several organisations, including | + | His followers later formed several organisations, including the now-defunct Order of Living Service and the AUM Temple of Universal Truth. |
- Explanation: The phrase "now defunct the Order of Living Service" is incorrectly ordered. It should be "the now-defunct Order of Living Service" to correctly modify the noun with the adjective phrase. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Dayanand Saraswati | + | Dayanand Saraswati (pronunciationⓘ), born Mool Shankar Tiwari (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883), was a Hindu philosopher, social leader, and founder of the Arya Samaj, a reform movement of Hinduism. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "pronunciationⓘ" to separate the introductory element from the main clause. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and" in a list of three or more items. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Among Dayananda's contributions were his opposition to untouchability, promotion of | + | Among Dayananda's contributions were his opposition to untouchability, promotion of equal rights for women, and his commentary on the Vedas from Vedic Sanskrit in Sanskrit as well as in Hindi. |
- Explanation: The article "the" before "equal rights for women" is unnecessary and should be removed for grammatical correctness. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and" in a list of three or more items. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He | + | He says that confusion regarding the Vedas arose due to the misinterpretations of the Vedas, and the Vedas promote science and ask humans to discover the ultimate truth, which he has emphasized throughout his commentary on the Vedas. |
- Explanation: The comma after "says" is unnecessary and should be removed. "Science" and "Humans" should not be capitalized as they are not proper nouns in this context. "Commentary" should not be capitalized as it is not a proper noun in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He accepted the | + | He accepted the six Vedanga texts which include grammar and the like required for the correct interpretation of the Vedas. |
- Explanation: Numbers below ten should be written out in words according to standard English grammar rules. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He accepted the six Darshana Shastras which | + | He accepted the six Darshana Shastras which include Samkhya, Vaisheshika, Nyaya, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Purva Mimamsa Sutras, Vedanta Sutras. |
- Explanation: The subject "six Darshana Shastras" is plural, so the verb should be "include" instead of "includes." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He said the books called | + | He said the books called Brahmana-Granthas such as Aitareya Brahmana, Shatapatha Brahmana, Sāma Brahmana, Gopatha Brahmana, etc. which are authored by the seers to explain the meaning of the Vedas are also valid but again only to that extent as they agree with the four Vedas because these texts are prone to interpolations by others. |
- Explanation: "Brahamana" should be corrected to "Brahmana" to match the standard spelling. Additionally, "four Vedas" should include "the" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He points that the sage Vyasa was called so by the name 'Vyasa' not because he divided the Vedas but indicates the 'diameter or breadth' which means sage Veda Vyasa had studied the Vedas in great depth. | + | He points out that the sage Vyasa was called so by the name 'Vyasa' not because he divided the Vedas but indicates the 'diameter or breadth' which means sage Veda Vyasa had studied the Vedas in great depth. |
- Explanation: The phrase "points that" should be corrected to "points out that" for grammatical accuracy. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He opposed caste system, Sati practice, Murti worship, child marriage, etc. which are against the spirit of the Vedas and advocated that all evils of society should be thoroughly investigated and should be removed. | + | He opposed the caste system, Sati practice, Murti worship, child marriage, etc. which are against the spirit of the Vedas and advocated that all evils of society should be thoroughly investigated and should be removed. |
- Explanation: "Caste system" should be preceded by "the" to specify the particular system being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He advocated | + | He advocated equal rights and respect for women and advocated for the education of all children, regardless of gender. |
- Explanation: "Respects" should be singular "respect" to match the standard usage, and "to women" should be "for women" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Dayanand also made critical analyses of faiths including Christianity and Islam, as well as | + | Dayanand also made critical analyses of faiths including Christianity and Islam, as well as other Indian faiths like Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed before "and Sikhism" in a list of three or more items to separate the elements clearly. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Dayananda's concept of Dharma is stated in the 'Beliefs and Disbeliefs' section of Satyartha | + | Dayananda's concept of Dharma is stated in the 'Beliefs and Disbeliefs' section of Satyartha Prakash. He says: |
- Explanation: The sentence is a comma splice, which occurs when two independent clauses are joined with a comma. It should be corrected by using a period to separate the clauses. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Dayanand Saraswati is recorded to have been active since he was 14, which time he was able to recite religious verses and teach about them. | + | Dayanand Saraswati is recorded to have been active since he was 14, at which time he was able to recite religious verses and teach about them. |
- Explanation: The phrase "at which time" is needed to correctly indicate the time period being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He severely criticized practices which he considered to be superstitions, including | + | He severely criticized practices which he considered to be superstitions, including sorcery and astrology, which were prevalent in India at the time. |
- Explanation: The comma after "sorcery" is unnecessary and should be removed to correctly list the items. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He further described Muhammad as | + | He further described Muhammad as 'an imposter,' and one who held out 'a bait to men and women, in the name of God, to compass his own selfish needs.' |
- Explanation: The article "an" is needed before "imposter" to correctly use the indefinite article with a noun starting with a vowel sound. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Dayananda was subjected to many unsuccessful assassination attempts | + | Dayananda was subjected to many unsuccessful assassination attempts. |
- Explanation: The phrase "on his life" is redundant because "assassination attempts" already implies attempts on his life. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Later, the Maharaja arranged for him to be sent to Mount Abu as per the advice of | + | Later, the Maharaja arranged for him to be sent to Mount Abu as per the advice of Residency. However, after staying for some time in Abu, on 26 October 1883, he was sent to Ajmer for better medical care. The Rajadhiraj of Shahpura, Ajmer, Sir Nahar Singh Bahadur, was radicalized against the Arya Samaj through books written by Bhai Jawahir Singh Kapur, who was one of his close personal friends. |
- Explanation: The original sentence is a run-on sentence. It should be split into separate sentences for clarity and grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Every year on Maha Shivaratri, Arya Samajis celebrate Rishi Bodh Utsav during the 2 | + | Every year on Maha Shivaratri, Arya Samajis celebrate Rishi Bodh Utsav during the 2-day mela at Tankara organized by Tankara Trust, during which Shobha Yatra procession and Maha Yajna is held; the event is also attended by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and Chief Minister of Gujarat Vijay Rupani. |
- Explanation: The phrase "2 days mela" should be corrected to "2-day mela" to properly use the hyphen in a compound adjective. Additionally, "event" should be preceded by "the" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Jodhpur adopted Hindi as main language, and later the present | + | Jodhpur adopted Hindi as the main language, and later the present-day Rajasthan did the same. |
- Explanation: The article "the" is needed before "main language" to specify which language is being referred to. Additionally, "present day" should be hyphenated to "present-day" when used as an adjective. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | American Spiritualist Andrew Jackson Davis described Dayanand's influence on him, calling Dayanand a 'Son of | + | American Spiritualist Andrew Jackson Davis described Dayanand's influence on him, calling Dayanand a 'Son of God' and applauding him for restoring the status of the nation. |
- Explanation: The comma after "Son of God" is unnecessary as it separates two parts of a compound predicate. Additionally, "Nation" should be in lowercase as it is not a proper noun in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Among memoirs that focus on specific times or places, Ketola mentions several, including Hayagriva Dasa’s The Hare Krishna Explosion. | + | Among memoirs that focus on specific times or places, Ketola mentions several, including Hayagriva Dasa’s The Hare Krishna Explosion. |
- Explanation: The sentence ends with an unnecessary closing parenthesis, which should be removed to correct the punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The | + | The couple's first son Ramkumar is said to have been born in 1805, a daughter Katyayani five years later, and a second son Rameswar in 1826. |
- Explanation: The possessive form "couple's" is needed to indicate that the first son belongs to the couple. Additionally, "to have been born" is the correct past participle form to use in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Khudiram had ancestral property in the Dere Village of present | + | Khudiram had ancestral property in the Dere Village of present-day West Bengal, India. |
- Explanation: "Present-day" should be hyphenated when used as an adjective to describe the noun "West Bengal." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He reportedly had experiences of similar nature a few other times in his childhood—while worshipping the Goddess Vishalakshi, and portraying the God Shiva in a drama during the Shivaratri festival. | + | He reportedly had experiences of a similar nature a few other times in his childhood—while worshipping the Goddess Vishalakshi, and portraying the God Shiva in a drama during the Shivaratri festival. |
- Explanation: The article "a" is needed before "similar nature" to correctly modify the noun phrase. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna was sent to the village school where he learned to read and write, but had an aversion towards arithmetic and didn't progress beyond simple addition, | + | Ramakrishna was sent to the village school where he learned to read and write, but had an aversion towards arithmetic and didn't progress beyond simple addition, multiplication, and division. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "multiplication" to separate items in a list. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna argued with him that women | + | Ramakrishna argued with him that women would be protected through good education and devotion to God, and not through Purdah. |
- Explanation: The future tense "will" should be changed to "would" to maintain consistency with the past tense narrative. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Once a challenge was thrown by Durgadas that it was impossible to look into his inner apartments, Ramakrishna accepted the | + | Once a challenge was thrown by Durgadas that it was impossible to look into his inner apartments, Ramakrishna accepted the challenge, dressed himself like a weaver woman, then fooled Durgadas with his disguise and entered the inner apartments of his house. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "accepted the challenge" to separate the clauses for better readability. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna's father died in 1843, a loss which he felt very strongly and made him reticent. | + | Ramakrishna's father died in 1843, a loss which he felt very strongly and which made him reticent. |
- Explanation: The word "which" is needed to properly introduce the relative clause "which made him reticent." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | When Ramakrishna was in his teens, the family's financial position | + | When Ramakrishna was in his teens, the family's financial position worsened. Ramkumar then started a Sanskrit school in Calcutta (Jhama pukur lane), whilst also serving as a priest there. |
- Explanation: The sentence should be split into two separate sentences for clarity, as it contains two independent clauses. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | After having a vision of the Goddess Kali in a dream on the night before her departure for a pilgrimage to the Hindu holy city of Kashi, she founded the now | + | After having a vision of the Goddess Kali in a dream on the night before her departure for a pilgrimage to the Hindu holy city of Kashi, she founded the now-famous Dakshineswar Kali Temple. |
- Explanation: A hyphen is needed in "now-famous" to correctly form a compound adjective. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In the year 1861, a female ascetic named Bhairavi | + | In the year 1861, a female ascetic named Bhairavi Brahmani initiated Ramakrishna into Tantra. |
- Explanation: The comma after "Bhairavi Brahmani" is unnecessary and disrupts the flow of the sentence. It should be removed to maintain proper sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | For all the sixty-four | + | For all the sixty-four sadhanas, he took only three days each to complete. |
- Explanation: The word "sadhana" should be pluralized to "sadhanas" to match the context of referring to multiple practices. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | They are always on move, traveling to different pilgrimage places, visiting various temples and meeting holy people in order to experience Brahman there. | + | They are always on the move, traveling to different pilgrimage places, visiting various temples and meeting holy people in order to experience Brahman there. |
- Explanation: The phrase "on move" should be corrected to "on the move" to use the correct idiomatic expression. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A startled Tota told him to go ask | + | A startled Tota told him to go ask his mother then, at which Ramakrishna silently went into the temple and returned ecstatically with a joyful face and informed that his Mother said, 'Go and learn; it is in order to teach you that the monk came here.' |
- Explanation: The sentence should maintain consistent pronoun usage. "Your" should be changed to "his" to match the third-person narrative style. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Being aware that whom Ramakrishna was referring to as his Mother was the idol in the temple, | + | Being aware that whom Ramakrishna was referring to as his Mother was the idol in the temple, Tota, though fascinated at this childlike simplicity, opined his behaviour was due to ignorance and false beliefs. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Tota" to correctly punctuate the sentence and separate the clause "though fascinated at this childlike simplicity." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He asked his disciple to free his mind from all | + | He asked his disciple to free his mind from all functions and merge it in the meditation of the Self. |
- Explanation: The comma before "and" is unnecessary because it is connecting two verbs with the same subject, making it a compound predicate. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Criticizing his disciple very harshly for his defiance, | + | Criticizing his disciple very harshly for his defiance, Tota now feverishly went about searching in the hut. |
- Explanation: The comma after "Tota" is unnecessary and disrupts the flow of the sentence. It should be removed to maintain proper sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | After staying in the Bengal Province for a while, Tota Puri, who until then had never had any illness in his | + | After staying in the Bengal Province for a while, Tota Puri, who until then had never had any illness in his life, caught dysentery, which made his life quite miserable. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "life" to separate the dependent clause "who until then had never had any illness in his life" from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Thinking about taking his leave and moving away, he approached | + | Thinking about taking his leave and moving away, he approached Ramakrishna, but every time he did so, he would either forget to mention it or would feel prevented from speaking about it by someone within him, and then would go back hesitantly. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Ramakrishna" to separate the clauses. Additionally, a comma after "so" is needed to separate the clauses for clarity. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Seeing his frail body and knowing about his condition, | + | Seeing his frail body and knowing about his condition, Ramakrishna, with the help of Mathur, arranged for a special diet and medicines, all to no avail. |
- Explanation: Commas are needed to set off the phrase "with the help of Mathur" from the rest of the sentence. Additionally, "the" is needed before "help" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | However, | + | However, one night, the pain in his intestines became so intense that his mind was no longer able to merge in Samadhi, and he decided to drown his 'cage of bones and flesh' in the river Ganga and be free from the consciousness of having a body. |
- Explanation: The phrase "on one night" should be corrected to "one night" for grammatical accuracy. Additionally, "a" is needed before "body" to indicate the singular noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He thus set out | + | He thus set out and, on reaching a bank of the river, started walking into it and kept walking further, all the way to almost the other side of the bank. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "and" to separate the introductory phrase "on reaching a bank of the river" from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Baffled that there seemed to be not enough water in the river to drown himself, he looked back and found, in one dazzling vision, the sight of the divine Mother, the one beyond Turiya, filling up all the space | + | Baffled that there seemed to be not enough water in the river to drown himself, he looked back and found, in one dazzling vision, the sight of the divine Mother, the one beyond Turiya, filling up all the space around him. |
- Explanation: "Round" should be corrected to "around" for standard usage in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Feeling | + | Feeling awe and realising that the Brahman he had been worshipping all his life was none other than the divine Mother herself, with a grateful heart he turned back and spent the remaining night meditating on the divine Mother near the dhuni under Panchavati. |
- Explanation: The commas after "awe" and "back" are unnecessary and should be removed to maintain the flow of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | When Ramakrishna met Tota in the morning to enquire about his health, he | + | When Ramakrishna met Tota in the morning to enquire about his health, he found him a totally different person with no more illness. |
- Explanation: The sentence structure is incorrect. "He was found" should be corrected to "he found him" to clarify that Ramakrishna found Tota to be a different person. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna, with a | + | Ramakrishna, with a smile, said, 'Well, you did not accept the Mother before and argued with me saying that Shakti was unreal!' |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "smile" to separate the introductory phrase from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Tota then asked Ramakrishna to exhort Her to give him permission to leave, as he now realised that it was Her will that he, who had never spent more than three days at a place, | + | Tota then asked Ramakrishna to exhort Her to give him permission to leave, as he now realised that it was Her will that he, who had never spent more than three days at a place, spend eleven months there. |
- Explanation: The past perfect "had spent" should be corrected to the present subjunctive "spend" to match the subjunctive mood of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Some time after the departure of Tota Puri from Dakshineswar, | + | Some time after the departure of Tota Puri from Dakshineswar, Ramakrishna, owing to his lack of any restraining elements or desires in the world, decided to dwell in the plane of Nirvikalpa Samadhi. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Ramakrishna" to set off the phrase "owing to his lack of any restraining elements or desires in the world" from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna remained in the | + | Ramakrishna remained in the Nirvikalpa state continually for a period of six months, a state of perception said to be from which no ordinary person returns, as the body would then fall dead after twenty-one days, like a dry leaf from a tree. |
- Explanation: The phrase "returns back" is redundant. The word "returns" already implies coming back, so "back" is unnecessary. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This period of being in the | + | This period of being in the Nirvikalpa state came to an end after Ramakrishna received a command from the Mother to remain in Bhava Mukha, a state of consciousness bordering between being absorbed into the absolute and remaining in the relative world, for the sake of enlightening people. |
- Explanation: The term "Nirvikalapa" should be corrected to "Nirvikalpa" to maintain consistency with the correct spelling used elsewhere in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna then firmed his awareness at the sixth chakra of Tantra, and lived with his consciousness oscillating between being either absorbed into the impersonal absolute or | + | Ramakrishna then firmed his awareness at the sixth chakra of Tantra, and lived with his consciousness oscillating between being either absorbed into the impersonal absolute or remaining in personal devotion to the Mother. |
- Explanation: The verb "remain" should be in the gerund form "remaining" to maintain parallel structure with "being absorbed." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The periods of Samadhi would later become a regular part in the life of Ramakrishna, and people near him used to find him in a state of Samadhi every now and then, sometimes for almost twenty | + | The periods of Samadhi would later become a regular part in the life of Ramakrishna, and people near him used to find him in a state of Samadhi every now and then, sometimes for almost twenty-four hours a day. |
- Explanation: "Twenty four" should be hyphenated as "twenty-four" when used as a compound adjective. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | When found deeply absorbed in Samadhi for a long period of time, his devotees would rub cow | + | When found deeply absorbed in Samadhi for a long period of time, his devotees would rub cow ghee on his spine from neck to the lower back, and on knees down to the soles of his feet, pulling in a downward direction, so as to bring him back to the plane of normal consciousness. |
- Explanation: The comma after "cow ghee" is unnecessary and should be removed for correct punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He would later often tell his devotees to 'tie the Knowledge of non-duality in the corner of your cloth and then do whatever you | + | He would later often tell his devotees to 'tie the Knowledge of non-duality in the corner of your cloth and then do whatever you want.' |
- Explanation: The period should be inside the quotation marks according to standard punctuation rules for quotations. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna engaged himself in the practice of Islam according to its prescribed rules. | + | Ramakrishna engaged himself in the practice of Islam according to its prescribed rules. |
- Explanation: There is no error in this sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Once when the Bible was being read out loud to him, from the very beginning there were references to the doctrine of | + | Once when the Bible was being read out loud to him, from the very beginning there were references to the doctrine of sin. |
- Explanation: The word "sin" should not be capitalized in this context as it is not a proper noun or the beginning of a sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | After hearing a little and finding that it talked of nothing but sin, he refused to listen to it | + | After hearing a little and finding that it talked of nothing but sin, he refused to listen to it any further, saying, 'Just as in the case of snakebite, if the patient can be made to believe that there is no poison at all, he will be all right.' |
- Explanation: The phrase "anymore further" is redundant. The correct phrase is "any further." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Carl Olson argued that in his presentation of his master, Vivekananda had | + | Carl Olson argued that in his presentation of his master, Vivekananda had hidden much of Ramakrishna's embarrassing sexual oddities from the public, because he feared that Ramakrishna would be misunderstood. |
- Explanation: The past participle of "hide" is "hidden," not "hid." "Hid" is the simple past tense form. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Tyagananda and Vrajaprana argue that | + | Tyagananda and Vrajaprana argue that Olson makes his 'astonishing claim' based on Kripal's speculations in Kali's Child, which they argue are unsupported by any of the source texts. |
- Explanation: The name "Oslon" is a typographical error and should be corrected to "Olson." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna's religious practice and | + | Ramakrishna's religious practice and worldview contained elements of Bhakti, Tantra, and Vedanta. |
- Explanation: The comma after "worldview" is unnecessary, and a comma should be added after "Tantra" to separate items in a list. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna found that Hinduism, | + | Ramakrishna found that Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam all move towards the same God or divine, though using different ways: 'So many religions, so many paths to reach one and the same goal,' namely to experience God or the Divine. |
- Explanation: A comma should be added after "Christianity" to separate items in a list, and "Divine" should be capitalized for consistency with the previous usage. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ramakrishna is considered an important figure in the Bengali Renaissance of 19th–20th century. | + | Ramakrishna is considered an important figure in the Bengali Renaissance of the 19th–20th century. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" should be added before "19th–20th century" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem on Ramakrishna, | + | Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem on Ramakrishna, 'To the Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Deva': |
- Explanation: The title of the poem should be enclosed in quotation marks to indicate it is a title. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In an appendix to Self | + | In an appendix to Self-realisation, Narasimha wrote that in 1912, while in the company of disciples, Ramana Maharshi had an epileptic seizure, in which his vision was suddenly impaired three times by a 'white bright curtain' which covered a part of his vision. |
- Explanation: The term "Self-realisation" should be hyphenated as it is a compound noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | On the third instance, his vision was completely shut out, while his 'head was swimming', and he felt his heart stop beating and his breathing | + | On the third instance, his vision was completely shut out, while his 'head was swimming', and he felt his heart stop beating and his breathing cease. |
- Explanation: The word "seize" is incorrect in this context. The correct word is "cease," which means to stop. "Seize" means to take hold of suddenly and forcibly, which does not fit the context of breathing stopping. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | But when this illusoriness is realized, there is no room | + | But when this illusoriness is realized, there is no room anymore for ideas about reincarnation. |
- Explanation: "Anymore" is the correct spelling when used in the context of "no longer" or "no more." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He composed the Five Hymns to Arunachala as devotional | + | He composed the Five Hymns to Arunachala as devotional songs. |
- Explanation: The plural form "songs" is needed because "Five Hymns" implies multiple songs. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He has also translated few works such as Dakshinamurti Stotra, Vivekachudamani and Dṛg-Dṛśya-Viveka attributed to | + | He has also translated a few works such as Dakshinamurti Stotra, Vivekachudamani and Dṛg-Dṛśya-Viveka attributed to Shankaracharya. |
- Explanation: The phrase "a few" is the correct expression to indicate a small number of items. Additionally, "Shankarachaya" is a misspelling and should be corrected to "Shankaracharya," which is the correct spelling of the name. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Roy wrote Gaudiya | + | Roy wrote Gaudiya Vyakaran, which was the first complete Bangla grammar book. |
- Explanation: The phrase "written book" is redundant. The word "book" already implies that it is written. The sentence is corrected for clarity and conciseness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He promoted | + | He promoted rational, ethical, non-authoritarian, this-worldly views and social reforms in Hinduism. |
- Explanation: The article "a" is unnecessary before the plural noun "views." The sentence is corrected to maintain grammatical agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | However, a few British magistrates and collectors began to suspect and its usage (as well as the reliance on pandits as sources of Hindu Law) was quickly deprecated. | + | However, a few British magistrates and collectors began to suspect it, and its usage (as well as the reliance on pandits as sources of Hindu Law) was quickly deprecated. |
- Explanation: The sentence is missing a direct object for the verb "suspect." Adding "it" clarifies what the magistrates and collectors began to suspect. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Raja Ram Mohan Roy did not know the | + | Raja Ram Mohan Roy did not know the Upanishads at this stage in his intellectual development. |
- Explanation: "Upanishad" should be pluralized to "Upanishads" to correctly refer to the collection of ancient Indian texts. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He wrote Gaudiya | + | He wrote Gaudiya Vyakaran, which was the first complete Bangla grammar book. |
- Explanation: The phrase "written book" is redundant. The word "written" is unnecessary because a book is inherently written. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | By 1828, he had become a well | + | By 1828, he had become a well-known figure in India. |
- Explanation: The term "well known" should be hyphenated when used as a compound adjective before a noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The religious reforms of Roy contained in some beliefs of the Brahmo Samaj expounded by Rajnarayan Basu are: | + | The religious reforms of Roy contained in some beliefs of the Brahmo Samaj expounded by Rajnarayan Basu are as follows: |
- Explanation: The sentence is incomplete as it ends with a colon but does not provide a list or explanation. Adding "as follows" clarifies that a list or explanation is expected. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He was the man who fought against superstitions, a pioneer in Indian education, and a | + | He was the man who fought against superstitions, a pioneer in Indian education, and a trendsetter in Bengali prose and Indian press. |
- Explanation: The term "trend setter" should be written as one word, "trendsetter," when used as a noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Bristol Arnos Vale | + | Bristol Arnos Vale Cemetery has been holding remembrance services for Raja Ram Mohan Roy every year on a Sunday close to his death anniversary date of 27 September. |
- Explanation: "Cemetery" should be capitalized as it is part of a proper noun, and "have" should be changed to "has" to agree with the singular subject "Bristol Arnos Vale Cemetery." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Gandhi objected to Roy's devotion to English education and | + | Gandhi objected to Roy's devotion to English education and thought, arguing that it disallowed independent thinking by being overly supportive of Western philosophical discourses. |
- Explanation: The sentence structure was awkward and unclear. Adding "arguing that it" clarifies Gandhi's objection and improves readability. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A 1965 Indian Bengali-language | + | A 1965 Indian Bengali-language film, Raja Rammohan, about Roy's reforms was directed by Bijoy Bose and starred Basanta Chowdhury in the title role. |
- Explanation: The original sentence is a fragment. Adding "was directed" and "starred" completes the sentence, making it grammatically correct. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In | + | In 1988, the Doordarshan serial Bharat Ek Khoj, produced and directed by Shyam Benegal, also picturised a full episode on Raja Ram Mohan Roy. |
- Explanation: Added "the" before "Doordarshan serial" and commas to separate clauses for clarity and grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In | + | In 1984, the Films Division of India created a documentary, Raja Rammohan Roy, directed by P. C. Sharma. |
- Explanation: Added "the" before "Films Division of India" and commas to set off the title of the documentary for clarity and grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The former | + | The former generations, according to Bhakti-ratnakara: |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "generations" to set off the introductory phrase "according to Bhakti-ratnakara," which provides additional information. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Padmanabha learned the four | + | Padmanabha learned the four Vedas, making him famous. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Vedas" to separate the main clause from the participial phrase "making him famous." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | His five sons were Purusottama (eldest), Jagannatha, Narayana, Murari, and Mukunda (youngest), | + | His five sons were Purusottama (eldest), Jagannatha, Narayana, Murari, and Mukunda (youngest), with Purusottama and Mukunda being the best in experience and character. |
- Explanation: The word "where" is incorrectly used to introduce a clause describing the sons. "With" is more appropriate to indicate the relationship between the sons and their qualities. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He privately engaged in oblations and | + | He privately engaged in oblations and purification penances. |
- Explanation: The word "purificatory" is not commonly used. "Purification" is the correct form to describe the type of penances. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | They lived for the rest of their lives with their new monastic names and | + | They lived for the rest of their lives with their new monastic names and forsook their birth names. |
- Explanation: "Forsake" is the present tense form of the verb. The past tense "forsook" is needed to match the past tense context of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Rupa and his brothers were residents of Ramakeli | + | Rupa and his brothers were residents of Ramakeli (in present-day Maldah, West Bengal) and it was here, in 1514 CE, that they first met Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. |
- Explanation: The space between the parenthesis and the word "in" should be removed for correct punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Because of this, Rupa Goswami is considered by the | + | Because of this, Rupa Goswami is considered by the Gaudiya Vaishnavas to be the foremost follower of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and those that strictly follow in his preceptoral line are known as Rupanugas (followers of Rupa). |
- Explanation: "Gaudiya Vaishnavas" should be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific religious group. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Rupa and Sanatana lived in Vrindavana for rest of their lives. | + | Rupa and Sanatana lived in Vrindavana for the rest of their lives. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "rest" to correctly form the phrase "for the rest of their lives." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Due to this, it was proclaimed that Rupa Goswami was the embodiment of | + | Due to this, it was proclaimed that Rupa Goswami was the embodiment of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's esoteric teachings of rasa (divine mellows). |
- Explanation: The apostrophe after "Chaitanya" is incorrect and should be removed to correctly attribute the teachings to "Chaitanya Mahaprabhu." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He is known for his teachings of 'Love all, serve all' and 'Help ever, hurt | + | He is known for his teachings of 'Love all, serve all' and 'Help ever, hurt never' and his emphasis on the common good in all religions. |
- Explanation: There is a missing space between the phrases "hurt never'" and "and his emphasis." Adding the space corrects the sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | By virtue of his sizeable influence, many feel Sai Baba provides an example of 'the phenomenon referred to as | + | By virtue of his sizeable influence, many feel Sai Baba provides an example of 'the phenomenon referred to as mahagurus: that is, gurus with a global reach.' |
- Explanation: The semicolon should be replaced with a colon to correctly introduce the explanation that follows. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | His father became furious | + | His father became furious upon seeing this, thinking his son was bewitched. |
- Explanation: The preposition "upon" is more appropriate in this context to indicate the cause of the father's reaction. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The four were shot when they opened the door and attacked the police. | + | The four were shot when they opened the door and attacked the police. |
- Explanation: The sentence is correct as is. No correction is needed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | After 2 years of | + | After 2 years of construction, it was inaugurated on 23 November 1950, Sai Baba's 25th birthday. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "construction" to separate the introductory clause from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In | + | In 1954, a free general hospital was constructed in Puttaparthi, and soon after, a medical hospital was constructed in 1957 inside the ashram. |
- Explanation: Commas are needed after "1954" and "soon after" to separate the introductory elements from the main clauses. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and" to separate the two independent clauses. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The hall can accommodate up to 20,000 | + | The hall can accommodate up to 20,000 people, and it was here that Sai Baba gave darshan every day from that time forward. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed before "and" to separate the two independent clauses. "Everyday" should be corrected to "every day" as it refers to each day individually. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Established on 25 June 1960, the Brindavan Ashram is located in Kadugodi, a village close to Whitefield and 24 | + | Established on 25 June 1960, the Brindavan Ashram is located in Kadugodi, a village close to Whitefield and 24 km from the city centre of Bangalore, Karnataka. |
- Explanation: "Kms" should be corrected to "km" as the standard abbreviation for kilometers is "km." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Notable features are Sai Ramesh Krishan Hall, where darshan and bhajans were held, Trayee Brindavan, Sai Baba's personal | + | Notable features are Sai Ramesh Krishan Hall, where darshan and bhajans were held, Trayee Brindavan, Sai Baba's personal residence, and the Brindavan Campus of the Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed before "and" in a list of three or more items to separate the final item in the series, known as the Oxford comma. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Located in Kodaikanal, atop the Palani Hills in south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Sai Shruti ashram was often visited by Sai Baba for a few days in the months of April and May. | + | Located in Kodaikanal, atop the Palani Hills in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Sai Shruti ashram was often visited by Sai Baba for a few days in the months of April and May. |
- Explanation: The article "the" is needed before "south Indian state" to correctly specify the location. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In 1950 Prasanthi Nilayam, his Puttaparthi ashram completed construction and | + | In 1950 Prasanthi Nilayam, his Puttaparthi ashram completed construction and within 4 years, a general hospital in Puttaparthi was established (1954). |
- Explanation: The word "within" should be one word, not two separate words "with in." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Lawrence A. Babb, of | + | Lawrence A. Babb, of Amherst College in Massachusetts, labelled the Sai Baba movement as a cult in the 1980s, calling it 'deeply and authentically Hindu...' and noted, 'The most striking feature of this cult, however, is the extremely strong emphasis given to the miraculous.' |
- Explanation: The article "the" should be added before "Sai Baba movement" to correctly refer to the specific movement being discussed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Adding scope to the movement, the report addresses the claim that Sai Baba is the Kalki Avatar (the tenth Avatar of Vishnu) who is to 'create a new world of peace and | + | Adding scope to the movement, the report addresses the claim that Sai Baba is the Kalki Avatar (the tenth Avatar of Vishnu) who is to 'create a new world of peace and justice,' which the CIA operative compares to the return of Jesus Christ. |
- Explanation: The comma should be placed inside the quotation marks according to standard punctuation rules for quotations. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In April 1976, Hossur Narasimhaiah, a physicist, rationalist and then vice-chancellor of Bangalore University, founded and chaired a committee 'to rationally and scientifically investigate miracles and other verifiable | + | In April 1976, Hossur Narasimhaiah, a physicist, rationalist and then vice-chancellor of Bangalore University, founded and chaired a committee 'to rationally and scientifically investigate miracles and other verifiable superstitions.' |
- Explanation: The period should be placed inside the quotation marks according to standard punctuation rules for quotations. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The clip from the film was mentioned in the Deccan Chronicle, on 23 November 1992, in a front-page headline 'DD Tape Unveils Baba | + | The clip from the film was mentioned in the Deccan Chronicle, on 23 November 1992, in a front-page headline 'DD Tape Unveils Baba Magic.' |
- Explanation: The period should be placed inside the quotation marks according to standard punctuation rules for quotations. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In 2012 Satyaji (Sai Baba's former personal attendant) came forward with a | + | In 2012 Satyaji (Sai Baba's former personal attendant) came forward with a notarised signed, yet unknown, document from Sai Baba, dated from 1967 entailing Sai Baba had 'no personal right on the multi-crore spiritual empire built by him'. |
- Explanation: The word "noterised" is a misspelling. The correct spelling is "notarised," which refers to a document that has been certified by a notary public. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Using superhigh-speed 16 mm film and examining frame by frame (each frame being only a fraction of a | + | Using superhigh-speed 16 mm film and examining frame by frame (each frame being only a fraction of a second, thus no possibility of 'hand being faster than eye'), showed 'clearly a gap between Sai Baba's hand and the place the vibhuti poured from.' |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "a fraction of a second" to separate the clauses and improve readability. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In a 1995 X-Files episode, 'The Calusari' (season 2, episode 21), during a conversation about vibhuti (sacred | + | In a 1995 X-Files episode, 'The Calusari' (season 2, episode 21), during a conversation about vibhuti (sacred ash), Sai Baba's name is cited and mentioned. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "sacred ash" to separate the introductory phrase from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A | + | A fictitious character, Dr. Burk elaborates, 'In 1979, I witnessed a guru named Sai Baba create an entire feast out of thin air.' |
- Explanation: The correct spelling of the word is "fictitious," not "fictious." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Some of Sai Baba's notable disciples include Mahalsapathi, Madhav Rao (Shama), Nanasaheb | + | Some of Sai Baba's notable disciples include Mahalsapathi, Madhav Rao (Shama), Nanasaheb Peshwe, Bayijabai, Tatya Kote Patil, Kakasaheb Dixit, Radhakrishna Maai, Hemadpant, Bhuti, Das Ganu, Lakshmi Bai, Nanavali, Abdul Baba, Sapatanekar, Nanasaheb Chandodkar, B.V. Narasimha Swamiji. |
- Explanation: The correct spelling of "Peshway" is "Peshwe," and "Narashima" should be "Narasimha." These are proper nouns, and the correct spellings are necessary for accuracy. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Sri Beedkar Maharaj greatly revered Sai Baba and when he met him in 1873, bestowed the title | + | Sri Beedkar Maharaj greatly revered Sai Baba and when he met him in 1873, bestowed the title Jagadguru upon him. |
- Explanation: "Jagad guru" should be written as "Jagadguru" as it is a compound word in Sanskrit, meaning "world teacher." The compound form is the correct usage in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Swaminarayan ordered the construction of several Hindu | + | Swaminarayan ordered the construction of several Hindu temples, and he had built six huge temples by himself and installed the idols of various deities such as Radha Krishna, Nara-Narayana, Laksmi Narayana, Gopinath, Radha Ramana, and Madanamohana. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed before "and" to separate the two independent clauses in the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The current | + | The current acharyas are Koshalendraprasad Pande of the Ahmedabad Gadi and Ajendraprasad Pande of the Vadtal Gadi. |
- Explanation: The sentence structure was incorrect, as it implied there was only one acharya for both gadis. The correction clarifies that there are two acharyas, each for a different gadi. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | However, partaking in the consumption of food from lower castes and caste pollution was not supported by him. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "However" to separate the introductory word from the main clause. Additionally, "consumption food" should be corrected to "consumption of food from" to clarify the meaning. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A political officer in Gujarat, Mr. | + | A political officer in Gujarat, Mr. Williamson, reported to Bishop Heber that Swaminarayan had 'destroyed the yoke of caste.' |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Mr. Williamson" to properly set off the appositive. Additionally, "Herber" should be corrected to "Heber" to match the correct spelling of the name mentioned later in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He allowed | + | He allowed Dalits and lower caste people to visit places of worship. |
- Explanation: There is an unnecessary space before the period that should be removed. Additionally, "Dalits" should be capitalized for consistency, as it is capitalized elsewhere in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | However, | + | However, Dalits—those outside of the caste system—were formally excluded from Swaminarayan temples. |
- Explanation: The hyphens should be replaced with em dashes for proper punctuation in setting off the parenthetical phrase. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Members of | + | Members of lower castes are prohibited from wearing a full sect mark (tilak chandlo) on their foreheads. |
- Explanation: "A lower caste" should be changed to "lower castes" to match the plural context, and "forehead" should be pluralized to "foreheads" to agree with "members." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Furthermore, in a meeting with Swaminarayan, he noted that '[Swaminarayan] did not regard the subject as of much importance, but that he wished not to give offense (to ancient Hindu system); that people might eat separately or together in this world, but that above | + | Furthermore, in a meeting with Swaminarayan, he noted that '[Swaminarayan] did not regard the subject as of much importance, but that he wished not to give offense (to the ancient Hindu system); that people might eat separately or together in this world, but that above "oopur," pointing to heaven, those distinctions would cease.' |
- Explanation: "The" should be added before "ancient Hindu system" for grammatical correctness. A comma is needed after "oopur" to properly separate the quoted word from the explanatory phrase. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Swaminarayan propagated general Hindu texts. | + | Swaminarayan propagated general Hindu texts. |
- Explanation: No correction is needed for this sentence. It is included here to indicate that no errors were found in this specific sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In 1918, Mahatma | + | In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi, in a letter to his nephew, expressed that Swaminarayan's values didn't align perfectly with his interpretation of Vaishnavism and the love taught by Swaminarayan was all about sentimentalism. |
- Explanation: The phrase "in the letter to his nephew" should be "in a letter to his nephew" to correctly indicate that Gandhi wrote one of potentially many letters, and commas are needed to set off the phrase "in a letter to his nephew" as a non-restrictive clause. Additionally, "Swaminarayana" should be corrected to "Swaminarayan" to maintain consistency in the spelling of the name throughout the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vallabha studied Hindu philosophy from early age, then traveled throughout the Indian subcontinent for over 20 years. | + | Vallabha studied Hindu philosophy from an early age, then traveled throughout the Indian subcontinent for over 20 years. |
- Explanation: The article "an" is needed before "early age" to indicate that it is a singular, countable noun phrase. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The Vallabha Digvijaya or Yadunātha Digvijaya claims to have | + | The Vallabha Digvijaya or Yadunātha Digvijaya claims to have been composed in 1610, however modern scholars state the text was composed around the turn of the 20th century. |
- Explanation: The correct form is "to have been composed," as "been" is the past participle needed to form the perfect infinitive. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to scholars, life of Vallabha as depicted in traditional sources contains many miracles, supernatural events, and 'patently implausible features'. | + | According to scholars, the life of Vallabha as depicted in traditional sources contains many miracles, supernatural events, and 'patently implausible features'. |
- Explanation: The article "the" is needed before "life of Vallabha" to specify which life is being discussed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Barz (1992) gives biographical account of Vallabha which includes these traditional elements. | + | Barz (1992) gives a biographical account of Vallabha which includes these traditional elements. |
- Explanation: The article "a" is needed before "biographical account" to indicate that it is a singular, countable noun phrase. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Saha, the location of his home provided a central location which allowed him | + | According to Saha, the location of his home provided a central location which allowed him access to preach and convert throughout northern and central India. |
- Explanation: The phrase "allowed him to access to preach" is incorrect. The correct phrase is "allowed him access to preach," where "access" is a noun and does not require the preposition "to." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | One scholarly theory for why Vallabha's theology was attractive to these groups was that of social mobility. |
- Explanation: The word "Only" is incorrect in this context. The correct word is "One," as it indicates that there is at least one theory, not that it is the only one. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Another reason was that Vallabha promoted a | + | Another reason was that Vallabha promoted a householder life-affirming, socially conservative view that appealed to castes that depended on social and political stability for their livelihoods, notably in the context of splintering Muslim sultanates in India. |
- Explanation: The word "househoulder" is a misspelling. The correct spelling is "householder," which refers to someone who manages a household. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This | + | This event is said to have occurred on Āṣāḍha suda 3, 1587 V.S. (July 7, 1530). |
- Explanation: The phrase "This is event is" contains a redundancy. The correct phrase is "This event is," removing the unnecessary "is." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | Additionally, Vallabha rejected the concept of Māyā, stating that the world was a manifestation of the Supreme Absolute and could neither be tainted nor change. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Additionally" to separate the introductory adverb from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vallabha also emphasizes that the path of | + | Vallabha also emphasizes that the path of puṣṭi is open to all, regardless of caste or gender. |
- Explanation: The word "pusti" should be corrected to "puṣṭi" to maintain consistency with the diacritical marks used earlier in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vallabha viewed the world (jagat) as intricately linked to the belief that | + | Vallabha viewed the world (jagat) as intricately linked to the belief that it is an expression and manifestation of Brahman. |
- Explanation: The pronoun "it" is used to avoid repetition and clarify that the belief pertains to the world being an expression and manifestation of Brahman. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society were invited as | + | The Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society were invited as representatives of Hinduism. |
- Explanation: The word "representative" should be in the plural form "representatives" to agree with the plural subject "The Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The application was supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra | + | The application was supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoomdar, who was also a member of the Parliament's selection committee. |
- Explanation: The correct spelling of the name is "Protapchandra Mozoomdar," not "Mozoombar." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from the 'Shiva | + | Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from the 'Shiva Mahimna Stotram': 'As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee!' and 'Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to Me.' |
- Explanation: The title "Shiva Mahimna Stotram" should be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Yogananda was | + | Yogananda was among the first Indian teachers to settle in the US, and the first prominent Indian to be hosted in the White House (by President Calvin Coolidge in 1927); his early acclaim led to him being dubbed 'the 20th century's first superstar guru' by the Los Angeles Times. |
- Explanation: The article "the" before "among" is unnecessary and incorrect in this context. The correct phrase is "among the first Indian teachers." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In 1928, Yogananda received unfavorable publicity in Miami, and the police chief, Leslie Quigg, prohibited Yogananda from holding any further events. | + | In 1928, Yogananda received unfavorable publicity in Miami, and the police chief, Leslie Quigg, prohibited Yogananda from holding any further events. Quigg said it was not due to a personal grudge against the Swami but rather in the interest of public order and Yogananda's own safety. |
- Explanation: The name "Quiggs" should be corrected to "Quigg" to maintain consistency with the earlier mention of the police chief's name, Leslie Quigg. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While | + | While en route, his ship detoured in Europe and the Middle East; he undertook visits to other living Western saints like Therese Neumann, the Catholic Stigmatist of Konnersreuth, and places of spiritual significance: Assisi, Italy to honor St. Francis, the Athenian temples of Greece and prison cell of Socrates, the Holy Land of Palestine and the regions of the Ministry of Jesus, and Cairo, Egypt to view the ancient Pyramids. |
- Explanation: The term "enroute" should be corrected to "en route," as it is a French phrase used in English to mean "on the way" and is correctly written as two separate words. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Yogananda wrote | + | Yogananda wrote The Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You and God Talks With Arjuna – The Bhagavad Gita to explain his belief in the harmony and oneness of original Christianity as taught by Jesus Christ and original Yoga as taught by Bhagavan Krishna; and to present that these principles of truth are the common scientific foundation of all true religions. |
- Explanation: Book titles should be italicized or capitalized correctly. "The" should be capitalized as it is part of the book title "The Second Coming of Christ." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In his book, How | + | In his book, How You Can Talk with God, he claims that anyone can talk with God, if the person keeps persevering in the request to speak with God with devotion. |
- Explanation: The title of the book should have each major word capitalized, so "You" and "Can" should be capitalized in "How You Can Talk with God." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Philip Goldberg, who wrote American Veda, 'the Self-Realization Fellowship which represents Yogananda's | + | According to Philip Goldberg, who wrote American Veda, 'the Self-Realization Fellowship which represents Yogananda's legacy, is justified in using the slogan, 'The Book that Changed the Lives of Millions.' |
- Explanation: The word "legacy" should not be capitalized as it is not a proper noun in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Jon Anderson was inspired by Paramahansa Yogananda and his book Autobiography of a Yogi when he wrote Tales From Topographic Oceans | + | Jon Anderson was inspired by Paramahansa Yogananda and his book Autobiography of a Yogi when he wrote Tales From Topographic Oceans. India national cricket team captain, Virat Kohli, said that the Autobiography influenced his life in a positive manner and also urged everyone to read it. |
- Explanation: A period is needed after "Tales From Topographic Oceans" to separate the two independent clauses. Additionally, a comma is needed after "Virat Kohli" to properly set off the appositive phrase. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | As reported in Time on August 4, 1952, Harry T. Rowe, Mortuary Director of the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, where Yogananda's body was received, | + | As reported in Time on August 4, 1952, Harry T. Rowe, Mortuary Director of the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, where Yogananda's body was received, embalmed, and interred, wrote in a notarized letter: |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "embalmed" to separate items in a list. Additionally, a colon is needed at the end of the sentence to introduce the content of the letter. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Rowe continued in paragraphs fourteen and fifteen: 'The physical appearance of Paramahansa Yogananda on March | + | Rowe continued in paragraphs fourteen and fifteen: 'The physical appearance of Paramahansa Yogananda on March 27th, just before the bronze cover for the casket was put into position, was the same as it was on March 7th.' |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "March 27th" to set off the introductory phrase and clarify the sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Another key element of his teachings | + | Another key element of his teachings is the concepts of the five skandhas and dependent origination, describing how all dharmas (both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other dharmas, lacking an existence on their own svabhava). |
- Explanation: The subject "element" is singular, so the verb should be "is" instead of "are" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While the term Buddha is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term Buddha | + | While the term Buddha is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term Buddha are from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several Edicts of Ashoka (reigned c. 269–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. |
- Explanation: The subject "records" is plural, so the verb should be "are" instead of "is" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Buddhist texts present two chronologies | + | Buddhist texts present two chronologies that have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha. |
- Explanation: The word "that" is more appropriate than "which" in this context because it introduces a restrictive clause, specifying the particular chronologies being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short | + | The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronologies. |
- Explanation: The plural form "chronologies" is needed here because the sentence refers to both the long and short chronologies. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on 'the outer fringe of Aryan cultural | + | The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on 'the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence' and differed significantly from the Aryan society of the western Ganges basin. |
- Explanation: The comma before "and" is unnecessary because it is not separating two independent clauses. The sentence is clearer without it. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their | + | Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarianism prevailed in the cities of the middle Ganges basin. |
- Explanation: The word "egalitarism" is incorrect. The correct term is "egalitarianism," which refers to the principle of equality and equal rights. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The day of the Buddha's birth, | + | The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment, and death is widely celebrated in Theravada countries as Vesak, and the day he was conceived is celebrated as Poson. |
- Explanation: The sentence requires a comma after "enlightenment" to separate items in a list. Additionally, "got conceived" is corrected to "was conceived" for grammatical accuracy and clarity. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Buddha's Birthday is called Buddha Purnima in Nepal, Bangladesh, and | + | Buddha's Birthday is called Buddha Purnima in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India, as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "India" to separate the main clause from the subordinate clause that follows. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest | + | The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest are found in texts such as the Pali Ariyapariyesanā-sutta ("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at MĀ 204. |
- Explanation: The subject "accounts" is plural, so the verb should be "are" instead of "is" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, | + | According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, Gautama then practiced ascetic techniques. |
- Explanation: The name "Gotama" should be corrected to "Gautama" to maintain consistency with the rest of the text, which uses "Gautama" as the spelling for the Buddha's name. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He was concerned that humans were overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is 'subtle, deep and hard to grasp'. | + | He was concerned that humans were so overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is 'subtle, deep and hard to grasp'. |
- Explanation: The word "so" is needed before "overpowered" to correctly convey the cause-and-effect relationship in the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to Vārānasī (Benares), he met another wanderer, an Ājīvika ascetic named Upaka | + | MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to Vārānasī (Benares), he met another wanderer, an Ājīvika ascetic named Upaka. |
- Explanation: The phrase "in MN 26" is redundant because it is already stated that the information is from MN 26 and MĀ 204. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from 'Kosambi on the Yamuna (25 km south-west of | + | According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from 'Kosambi on the Yamuna (25 km south-west of Allahabad)', to Campa (40 km east of Bhagalpur)' and from 'Kapilavatthu (95 km north-west of Gorakhpur) to Uruvela (south of Gaya)'. |
- Explanation: There is an extra space before the closing parenthesis in "(25 km south-west of Allahabad )" that needs to be removed for correct punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | and the | + | and the unsatisfactoriness of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus unreliable. |
- Explanation: The word "unsatifacories" is a misspelling. The correct word is "unsatisfactoriness," which aligns with the context of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The Buddha's teaching of karma differed | + | The Buddha's teaching of karma differed from that of the Jains and Brahmins, in that on his view, karma is primarily mental intention (as opposed to mainly physical action or ritual acts). |
- Explanation: The phrase "differed to" is incorrect. The correct phrase is "differed from," which is the standard preposition used with "differ." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | In this view, persons are just a causal series of impermanent psycho-physical elements, which are anatta, without an independent or permanent self. |
- Explanation: The sentence begins with a lowercase "i," which should be capitalized as it starts a new sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He posits that the | + | He posits that the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and Dependent Origination, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations that form part of the explanatory framework of this 'liberating insight'. |
- Explanation: "Fourth Noble Truths" should be "Four Noble Truths" as it refers to the set of four truths, not the ordinal number. "Eightfold path" should be capitalized as "Eightfold Path" to maintain consistency with the capitalization of proper nouns. "Which" should be replaced with "that" to correctly introduce a restrictive clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after | + | Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after noon, and they were not allowed to use gold, silver, or any valuables. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "noon" to separate items in a list, and a comma is needed after "silver" for the same reason. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In the Vasettha | + | In the Vasettha Sutta, the Buddha argues that the main difference among humans is not birth but their actions and occupations. |
- Explanation: "Sutta" should be capitalized as it is part of the title of a specific text. A comma is needed after "Sutta" to separate the introductory phrase from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Nevertheless, while his inclusion has been rejected by some traditionalists, many modern Hindus | + | Nevertheless, while his inclusion has been rejected by some traditionalists, many modern Hindus wish to include the Buddha into Hinduism. |
- Explanation: The word "with" is a typographical error and should be corrected to "wish" to convey the intended meaning that many modern Hindus desire to include the Buddha into Hinduism. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | They subsequently influenced the art of East Asian Buddhist images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism. |
- Explanation: The sentence contains a grammatical error where "The" should be "They" to correctly refer to the previously mentioned "depictions" as the subject influencing the art. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Śuddhodana next elevated | + | Śuddhodana next elevated Maya's sister Mahapajapati Gotami to chief consort, with whom he had a second son Nanda and a daughter Sundarī Nandā. |
- Explanation: The phrase "elevated to chief consort" is awkwardly structured. The correction clarifies that Mahapajapati Gotami was elevated to the position of chief consort. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Furthermore, by the time of | + | Furthermore, by the time of Siddhartha's birth, the Shakya republic had become a vassal state of the larger Kingdom of Kosala. |
- Explanation: The name "Siddhartha" was misspelled as "Siddharta." The correct spelling is "Siddhartha." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Four years later, when the Buddha heard of | + | Four years later, when the Buddha heard of Śuddhodana's impending death, he once again returned to his home and preached further to Śuddhodana at his deathbed. |
- Explanation: The name "Śuddhodana" was inconsistently spelled as "Suddhodana." The correct spelling is "Śuddhodana," as used elsewhere in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Some scholars have posited that there was a separate | + | Some scholars have posited that there was a separate Ayurvedic writer called Nāgārjuna who wrote numerous treatises on Rasayana. |
- Explanation: The word "Aryuvedic" is a misspelling. The correct spelling is "Ayurvedic," which refers to the traditional system of medicine native to India.
- No other errors found.** (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Ruegg notes various works of uncertain authorship which have been attributed to Nagarjuna, including the Dharmadhatustava (Hymn to the Dharmadhatu, which shows later influences), Mahayanavimsika, Salistambakarikas, the Bhavasamkranti, and the | + | Ruegg notes various works of uncertain authorship which have been attributed to Nagarjuna, including the Dharmadhatustava (Hymn to the Dharmadhatu, which shows later influences), Mahayanavimsika, Salistambakarikas, the Bhavasamkranti, and the Dasabhumikavibhāsā. |
- Explanation: The correct spelling is "Dasabhumikavibhāsā," not "Dasabhumtkavibhāsā." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Meanwhile, | + | Meanwhile, the texts that Lindtner considers as questionable and likely inauthentic are: |
- Explanation: The word "those" is unnecessary and should be replaced with "the" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Meanwhile, Lindtner's list of outright | + | Meanwhile, Lindtner's list of outright incorrect attributions is: |
- Explanation: The word "wrong" should be replaced with "incorrect" to maintain a formal and precise tone. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Notably, the Dà zhìdù lùn (Taisho 1509, "Commentary on the great | + | Notably, the Dà zhìdù lùn (Taisho 1509, "Commentary on the great prajñaparamita"), which has been influential in Chinese Buddhism, has been questioned as a genuine work of Nāgārjuna by various scholars including Lamotte. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "prajñaparamita" to correctly set off the non-restrictive clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This work is also | + | This work is also attested only in a Chinese translation by Kumārajīva and is unknown in the Tibetan and Indian traditions. |
- Explanation: The placement of "only" should be corrected to "attested only" for proper sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Other works are extant only in | + | Other works are extant only in Chinese; one of these is the Shih-erh-men-lun or 'Twelve-topic treatise' (*Dvadasanikaya or *Dvadasamukha-sastra), one of the three basic treatises of the Sanlun school (East Asian Madhyamaka). |
- Explanation: The semicolon should be used instead of a comma to separate two independent clauses, and a comma should replace the semicolon before "one of the three basic treatises." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | These historians try to account for chronological difficulties with various theories, such as | + | These historians try to account for chronological difficulties with various theories, such as viewing later writings as mystical revelations. |
- Explanation: The word "seeing" should be replaced with "viewing" to maintain consistency in formal tone. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | For a useful summary of this tradition, see Wedemeyer | + | For a useful summary of this tradition, see Wedemeyer (2007). |
- Explanation: The year should be enclosed in parentheses to follow the standard citation format. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Lindtner sees the author of some of these tantric works as being a tantric Nagarjuna who | + | Lindtner sees the author of some of these tantric works as being a tantric Nagarjuna who lived much later, sometimes called "Nagarjuna II". |
- Explanation: The verb "lives" should be in the past tense "lived" to maintain consistency with the historical context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Nāgārjuna means by real any entity which has a nature of its own (svabhāva), which is not produced by causes | + | Nāgārjuna means by real any entity which has a nature of its own (svabhāva), which is not produced by causes (akṛtaka), which is not dependent on anything else (paratra nirapeksha). |
- Explanation: The correct transliteration of the Sanskrit term is "akṛtaka," not "akrtaka." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | To say that all things are 'empty' is to deny any kind of ontological foundation; | + | To say that all things are 'empty' is to deny any kind of ontological foundation; therefore, Nāgārjuna's view is often seen as a kind of ontological anti-foundationalism or a metaphysical anti-realism. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "therefore" to correctly punctuate the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | Nāgārjuna does not make reference to 'everything' when he quotes the agamic text in his Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. |
- Explanation: The name "Nāgārjuna" was previously spelled with diacritics in the text, so it should be consistently spelled the same way throughout. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Things | + | Things conventionally exist and are ultimately nonexistent to rest in the Middle Way in both causal existence and nonexistence as causal emptiness within the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā doctrine. |
- Explanation: The word "conventional" should be in its adverbial form "conventionally" to correctly modify the verb "exist." Additionally, "casual" should be corrected to "causal" to accurately reflect the context of causality being discussed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Nāgārjuna assumes a knowledge of the definitions of the sixteen categories as given in the Nyaya Sutras, the chief text of the Hindu Nyaya school, and wrote a treatise on the pramanas where he reduced the syllogism of five members | + | Nāgārjuna assumes a knowledge of the definitions of the sixteen categories as given in the Nyaya Sutras, the chief text of the Hindu Nyaya school, and wrote a treatise on the pramanas where he reduced the syllogism of five members to one of three. |
- Explanation: The phrase "into one of three" should be corrected to "to one of three" to properly convey the reduction process described. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | If the most commonly accepted attribution of texts (that of Christian Lindtner) holds, then he was clearly a | + | If the most commonly accepted attribution of texts (that of Christian Lindtner) holds, then he was clearly a Mahāyānist, but his philosophy holds assiduously to the Śrāvaka Tripiṭaka, and while he does make explicit references to Mahāyāna texts, he is always careful to stay within the parameters set out by the Śrāvaka canon. |
- Explanation: The word "Māhayānist" should be corrected to "Mahāyānist" to maintain consistency with the spelling of "Mahāyāna" used elsewhere in the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Because of the high degree of similarity between Nāgārjuna's philosophy and Pyrrhonism, particularly the surviving works of Sextus Empiricus, | + | Because of the high degree of similarity between Nāgārjuna's philosophy and Pyrrhonism, particularly the surviving works of Sextus Empiricus, according to Thomas McEvilley, this is because Nagarjuna was likely influenced by Greek Pyrrhonist texts imported into India. |
- Explanation: The word "According" should not be capitalized as it is not the beginning of a new sentence. Additionally, a comma is needed after "Thomas McEvilley" to properly separate the introductory clause from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Padmasambhava himself was recorded as saying he was | + | Padmasambhava himself was recorded as saying he was a historical person, and his footprints left in rocks are evidence. |
- Explanation: The article "an" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. The word "historical" begins with a consonant sound, so the correct article is "a." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Padmasambhava's task was to tame the local spirits and impress the Tibetans with his magical and | + | Padmasambhava's task was to tame the local spirits and impress the Tibetans with his magical and ritualistic powers. |
- Explanation: The word "ritual" is a noun, while "ritualistic" is the adjective form that should be used to describe "powers." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | However, there are other birth stories as well; another common one states that he was born from the womb of Queen Jalendra, the wife of King Sakra of Oddiyana, and received the name Dorje Duddul (Vajra Demon Subjugator) because the auspicious marks on his body were identified as those of a demon tamer. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "However" to separate the introductory word from the main clause. A semicolon is used to separate two independent clauses. "King" should be capitalized as it is used as a title before a name. A comma is needed before "and" to separate the clauses. The phrase "because of the auspicious marks on his body were identified" is incorrect; "because the auspicious marks on his body were identified" is the correct structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A statue of Padmasambhava, which is believed to have built by him in his own image, currently resides in the Mharme Lhakhang Gompa and is taken care of by these nuns. | + | A statue of Padmasambhava, which is believed to have been built by him in his own image, currently resides in the Mharme Lhakhang Gompa and is taken care of by these nuns. |
- Explanation: The verb "have built" should be in the passive form "have been built" to correctly indicate that the statue was built by someone (in this case, Padmasambhava). (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The | + | The theme of subduing deities and demons is a recurrent theme in Buddhist literature, as noted also in Vajrapani and Mahesvara and Steven Heine's 'Opening a Mountain'. |
- Explanation: The phrase "The subjection of subduing deities and demons" is awkward and incorrect. It should be "The theme of subduing deities and demons" to properly convey the intended meaning. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Padmasambhava's activities in | + | Padmasambhava's activities in Tibet include the practice of tantric rituals to increase the life of the king as well as initiating King Trisong Detsen into tantric rites. |
- Explanation: The article "the" before "Tibet" is unnecessary and should be removed. Additionally, "king" should be capitalized as "King" when used as a title before a name. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | According to Tibetan Buddhist legends of the local Monpa tribe, Chumi Gyatse Falls, also known as the '108 | + | According to Tibetan Buddhist legends of the local Monpa tribe, Chumi Gyatse Falls, also known as the '108 waterfalls,' were created after a mythical showdown between Guru Padmasambhava and a high priest of the Bonpa sect that ruled supreme in Tibet and surrounding areas including Arunachal Pradesh in pre-Buddhist times. |
- Explanation: The phrase "got created" is informal and should be replaced with "were created." Additionally, a comma is needed after "the '108 waterfalls'" for clarity, and "the pre-Buddhist times" should be "pre-Buddhist times" without "the" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Guru | + | Guru Rinpoche first came to Bhutan in 810 A.D. from Nepal via Nabji Korphu in the Trongsa District. |
- Explanation: The name "Rimpoche" should be corrected to "Rinpoche" to maintain consistency with the rest of the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In his right hand, he holds a five-pronged vajra at his heart. His left hand rests in the gesture of | + | In his right hand, he holds a five-pronged vajra at his heart. His left hand rests in the gesture of equanimity. In his left hand, he holds a skull-cup brimming with nectar, containing the vase of longevity that is also filled with the nectar of deathless wisdom and ornamented on top by a wish-fulfilling tree. |
- Explanation: The sentence contains a comma splice, where two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma. The comma after "equanimity" should be replaced with a period to correctly separate the two independent clauses. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Cradled in his left arm he holds the three-pointed khatvanga (trident) symbolizing the Princess consort Mandarava, one of his two main | + | Cradled in his left arm he holds the three-pointed khatvanga (trident) symbolizing the Princess consort Mandarava, one of his two main consorts, who arouses the wisdom of bliss and emptiness, concealed as the three-pointed khatvanga. |
- Explanation: The sentence contains a period instead of a comma after "consorts," which incorrectly breaks the sentence. It should be a comma to correctly connect the dependent clause to the main sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Five-coloured strips of silk symbolize the five wisdoms | + | Five-coloured strips of silk symbolize the five wisdoms. The khatvanga is also adorned with locks of hair from dead and living mamos and dakinis, as a sign that the Master subjugated them all when he practised austerities in the Eight Great Charnel Grounds. |
- Explanation: There is a missing period after "five wisdoms" to separate two independent clauses. Adding the period corrects the sentence structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | By the 13th and 14th centuries, some cities | + | By the 13th and 14th centuries, some cities became powerful states, taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. |
- Explanation: The verb "become" should be in the past tense "became" to match the past tense context of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In the West, nation-states became the dominant unit of political organization following the Peace of Westphalia in the seventeenth century. | + | In the West, nation-states became the dominant unit of political organization following the Peace of Westphalia in the seventeenth century. |
- Explanation: No correction needed; this sentence is correct. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | With the agricultural and industrial | + | With the agricultural and industrial revolutions, urban population began its unprecedented growth, both through migration and demographic expansion. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "revolutions" to separate the introductory clause from the main clause of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The impact of globalization and the role of multinational corporations in local governments | + | The impact of globalization and the role of multinational corporations in local governments worldwide have led to a shift in perspective on urban governance, away from the 'urban regime theory' in which a coalition of local interests functionally govern, toward a theory of outside economic control, widely associated in academics with the philosophy of neoliberalism. |
- Explanation: The subject "The impact of globalization and the role of multinational corporations" is compound and requires the plural verb "have" instead of the singular "has." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The biggest investors and real estate developers act as the | + | The biggest investors and real estate developers act as the cities' de facto urban planners. |
- Explanation: The possessive form "city's" should be plural "cities'" to match the plural subject "investors and real estate developers," indicating they act in multiple cities. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The related concept of good governance places more emphasis on the state, with the purpose of assessing urban governments for their suitability for | + | The related concept of good governance places more emphasis on the state, with the purpose of assessing urban governments for their suitability for developmental assistance. |
- Explanation: The term "developmental assistance" is more precise in this context, referring to aid aimed at development. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Urban planning, the application of forethought to city design, involves optimizing land use, transportation, utilities, and other basic | + | Urban planning, the application of forethought to city design, involves optimizing land use, transportation, utilities, and other basic systems in order to achieve certain objectives. |
- Explanation: The comma before "in order to achieve certain objectives" is unnecessary and should be removed for correct punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Urban planners and scholars have proposed overlapping theories as ideals | + | Urban planners and scholars have proposed overlapping theories as ideals of how plans should be formed. |
- Explanation: The preposition "of" is more appropriate than "for" in this context, indicating the theories are ideals regarding the formation of plans. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The history of urban planning dates to some of the earliest known cities, especially in the Indus Valley and Mesoamerican civilizations, which built their cities on grids and apparently zoned different areas for different purposes. | + | The history of urban planning dates back to some of the earliest known cities, especially in the Indus Valley and Mesoamerican civilizations, which built their cities on grids and apparently zoned different areas for different purposes. |
- Explanation: The phrase "dates back to" is the correct idiomatic expression indicating the origin or beginning of something in the past. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Population density | + | Population density also enables sharing of common infrastructure and production facilities; however, in very dense cities, increased crowding and waiting times may lead to some negative effects. |
- Explanation: The phrase "enables also" is awkward and incorrect in this context. The correct placement is "also enables," which follows standard English syntax for adverbs. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Today, a city's promotion of its cultural activities dovetails with place branding and city marketing, public diplomacy techniques used to inform development strategy; attract businesses, investors, residents, and tourists; and | + | Today, a city's promotion of its cultural activities dovetails with place branding and city marketing, public diplomacy techniques used to inform development strategy; attract businesses, investors, residents, and tourists; and create shared identity and sense of place within the metropolitan area. |
- Explanation: The phrase "and to create" should be "and create" to maintain parallel structure with the other verbs in the series ("inform" and "attract"). (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Structurally, many infrastructure systems take the form of networks with redundant links and multiple pathways, so that the system as a whole | + | Structurally, many infrastructure systems take the form of networks with redundant links and multiple pathways, so that the system as a whole continues to operate even if parts of it fail. |
- Explanation: The verb "continue" should be in the third person singular form "continues" to agree with the singular subject "the system." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In Western cities, industrializing, expanding, and electrifying public transit systems, and especially | + | In Western cities, industrializing, expanding, and electrifying public transit systems, and especially streetcars, enabled urban expansion as new residential neighborhoods sprang up along transit lines and workers rode to and from work downtown. |
- Explanation: The past tense of "spring" is "sprang," not "sprung," which is the past participle form. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | South Africa has one of the highest | + | South Africa has one of the highest rates of protests in the world. |
- Explanation: The noun "rate" should be in the plural form "rates" to agree with the phrase "one of the highest," which implies multiple rates are being compared. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, | + | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO, has increasingly focused on cities as key sites for influencing cultural governance. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "UNESCO" to properly set off the appositive phrase, which provides additional information about the organization. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' (lit. 'head of the world') was already used by the poet Ovid in 1st century BC. | + | The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' (lit. 'head of the world') was already used by the poet Ovid in the 1st century BC. |
- Explanation: The article "the" is needed before "1st century BC" to specify the particular century being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions | + | Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions. |
- Explanation: The text ".mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}(See also § Capitals in military strategy)" appears to be a formatting error or code snippet that should not be included in the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Primarily concerned with what | + | Primarily concerned with what it calls the 'advanced producer services' of accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law, the cities in the top two classifications in the 2024 edition are: |
- Explanation: The pronoun "it" should be used instead of "is" to correctly refer to the subject "GaWC" in the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The world had 32 according to EU Global Human Settlement Layer (in | + | The world had 32 according to EU Global Human Settlement Layer (in 2014), 33 according to UN DESA (in 2018), 39 according to the OECD, 44 according to Demographia (in 2023), and 45 according to CityPopulation.de (in 2023). |
- Explanation: The year "2024" is likely a typographical error, as it is a future date. It should be corrected to "2014" to maintain consistency with the other past dates mentioned. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In 2010, UN forecasted that urban population of 3.2 billion would rise to nearly 5 billion by 2030, when three out of five, or 60%, of people would live in cities. | + | In 2010, the UN forecasted that the urban population of 3.2 billion would rise to nearly 5 billion by 2030, when three out of five, or 60%, of people would live in cities. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "UN" and "urban population" to specify the particular organization and population being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | For almost five hundred years, during the period of the Republic and later of the Empire, Rome was the largest, wealthiest, and most politically important city of the ancient world, | + | For almost five hundred years, during the period of the Republic and later of the Empire, Rome was the largest, wealthiest, and most politically important city of the ancient world, ruling over Europe, Western Asia and Northern Africa. |
- Explanation: The word "rulling" is a misspelling. The correct spelling is "ruling." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | It is often stated that its population passed one million people by the end of the 1st century | + | It is often stated that its population passed one million people by the end of the 1st century BC; however, it's sometimes debated about whether the population actually reached such a large size. |
- Explanation: The word "its" should be "it's" as it is a contraction for "it is." Additionally, a semicolon is needed before "however" to properly connect the two independent clauses. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | One of the results of this was a 'Housing | + | One of the results of this was a 'Housing First' solution. Rather than having a homeless person remain in an emergency homeless shelter, it was thought to be better to quickly get the person permanent housing of some sort and the necessary support services to sustain a new home. |
- Explanation: The phrase "Housing first" should be capitalized as "Housing First" because it is a specific name of a program or approach. Additionally, the sentence was a run-on and needed to be split into two sentences for clarity. A comma was also added after "emergency homeless shelter" to separate the clauses properly. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | As a result, some critics argue that sprawl has certain disadvantages including longer transport distances to work, high car dependence, inadequate facilities (e.g | + | As a result, some critics argue that sprawl has certain disadvantages including longer transport distances to work, high car dependence, inadequate facilities (e.g., health, cultural, etc.), and higher per-person infrastructure costs. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "e.g." to follow standard punctuation rules for Latin abbreviations. Additionally, the period after "cultural" should be replaced with a comma to correctly punctuate the list. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | He | + | He defined a primate city as being 'at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant.' |
- Explanation: The sentence refers to a past event when Mark Jefferson proposed the law of the primate city in 1939, so the past tense "defined" should be used instead of "defines." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | For example, Henan, Hubei, and Sichuan have provincial capitals (Zhengzhou, Wuhan, and Chengdu, respectively) that are significantly larger than the second-largest cities in those provinces, and each of | + | For example, Henan, Hubei, and Sichuan have provincial capitals (Zhengzhou, Wuhan, and Chengdu, respectively) that are significantly larger than the second-largest cities in those provinces, and each of these provinces has a population similar to that of a large European country. |
- Explanation: The correct pronoun to use in this context is "these" instead of "those" because it refers to the provinces that have just been mentioned. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, has been called 'the most primate city on Earth': in | + | Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, has been called 'the most primate city on Earth': in 2000, it was 40 times larger than the second-largest city of that time, Nakhon Ratchasima. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "2000" to separate the introductory element from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In Germany, Munich (city proper population ca 1.5 million, with surrounding Landkreise ~3 million) is the primate city of the state of Bavaria, having nearly three times the population | + | In Germany, Munich (city proper population ca 1.5 million, with surrounding Landkreise ~3 million) is the primate city of the state of Bavaria, having nearly three times the population of the state's second largest, Nuremberg (ca 500,000 people, metro area ~1.35 million). |
- Explanation: The phrase "three times the population than" is incorrect; it should be "three times the population of" to correctly compare the populations. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In Italy, primate cities exist at regional level: capital Rome (~2.7 million) alone has nearly half of the population of the Lazio region and is about 21 times larger than the second largest city Latina, and nearly three quarters of the region's population live in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. | + | In Italy, primate cities exist at the regional level: capital Rome (~2.7 million) alone has nearly half of the population of the Lazio region and is about 21 times larger than the second largest city Latina, and nearly three quarters of the region's population live in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. |
- Explanation: The phrase "at regional level" should be "at the regional level" to correctly use the definite article with the noun "level." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In Lombardy, Milan at ~1.35 million is seven times larger than second largest Brescia (ca 200,000); in Piedmont, Turin has eight | + | In Lombardy, Milan at ~1.35 million is seven times larger than second largest Brescia (ca 200,000); in Piedmont, Turin has eight to nine times the population of Novara and Alessandria; in Campania, Naples has 7 times the population of second-largest Salerno and in Liguria, Genoa at ~550,000 has six times the population of second largest La Spezia and the Metropolitan City of Genoa has three times the population of the Province of Savona. |
- Explanation: The phrase "eight-nine times" should be "eight to nine times" to correctly express the range. Additionally, "the Province of Savona" needs the definite article "the" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | These two metropolitan areas have around 40% the country's population and are multiple times larger than the third-biggest city, Braga. | + | These two metropolitan areas have around 40% of the country's population and are multiple times larger than the third-biggest city, Braga. |
- Explanation: The preposition "of" is needed after "40%" to indicate the part of the whole (the country's population). (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Canada also has several primate cities at the provincial level: Vancouver, BC; Winnipeg, MB; Toronto, ON; | + | Canada also has several primate cities at the provincial level: Vancouver, BC; Winnipeg, MB; Toronto, ON; Montreal, QC; Halifax, NS; and St. John's, NL. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "Montreal" to separate it from the province abbreviation "QC" for consistency with the other city-province pairs listed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In Japan, most of the national railway network was privatized by the | + | In Japan, most of the national railway network was privatized by the 1980s, but unlike in the UK, the national railway's tracks, trains, stations, and real estate were included in the privatization agreements. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "1980s" to separate the two independent clauses. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and" in the list to maintain proper punctuation in a series. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Comparatively low | + | Comparatively low-density towns – often featuring large lots and large homes – create heavy motor vehicle dependency. |
- Explanation: The term "low density" should be hyphenated as "low-density" because it is a compound adjective describing the noun "towns." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The modes of travel, time | + | The modes of travel, time taken, and distance traveled in commuting vary widely across the globe. |
- Explanation: The subject of the sentence is a compound subject ("modes of travel, time taken, and distance traveled"), which is plural, so the verb should be "vary" instead of "varies." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Transportation links that enable commuting also impact the physical layout of cities and regions, allowing a distinction to arise between mostly-residential suburbs and the more economically focused urban core of a city | + | Transportation links that enable commuting also impact the physical layout of cities and regions, allowing a distinction to arise between mostly-residential suburbs and the more economically focused urban core of a city (a process known as suburban sprawl), but the specifics of how that distinction is realized remain drastically different between societies, with Eurasian 'suburbs' often being more densely populated than North American 'urban cores'. |
- Explanation: The phrase "process known as suburban sprawl" should include the article "a" to correctly form the noun phrase "a process known as suburban sprawl." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | An Indian study conducted in Mangalore led by Edmond Fernandes stated that | + | An Indian study conducted in Mangalore led by Edmond Fernandes stated that a gender-sensitive commuter-centric road safety policy needs to be developed to protect women while commuting as they felt stressed and scared to travel alone, particularly at night. |
- Explanation: The phrase "requires to be developed" is incorrect. It should be "needs to be developed" to properly convey the necessity of developing the policy. Additionally, "gender sensitive" should be hyphenated as "gender-sensitive" to correctly modify the noun "policy." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Second, while income from employment is greater in other cities, stress from commuting factors | + | Second, while income from employment is greater in other cities, stress from commuting factors becomes a factor for personal health. |
- Explanation: The verb "become" should be in the singular form "becomes" to agree with the singular subject "stress." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The city of Dhaka is linked with Narayanganj and Gazipur city; there are no gaps between Dhaka and those two cities. This conurbation which consists of the areas of the city of Dhaka and its surrounding cities and towns is collectively | + | The city of Dhaka is linked with Narayanganj and Gazipur city; there are no gaps between Dhaka and those two cities. This conurbation which consists of the areas of the city of Dhaka and its surrounding cities and towns is collectively known as the Greater Dhaka City. |
- Explanation: The word "knowns" is incorrect. The correct word is "known," which is the past participle of "know" and is used here to indicate the name by which the conurbation is recognized. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Data are | + | Data are referred to pre-2008 Russo-Georgian War. Urban population rate: 56% (2015) |
- Explanation: The word "referret" is a misspelling. The correct word is "referred," which is the past participle of "refer" and is used to indicate the data being mentioned. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This place contains the area and city of Adityapur, | + | This place contains the area and city of Adityapur, Mango, and Jugsalai. |
- Explanation: The word "Maango" is a misspelling of "Mango," which is the correct name of the city. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and" in a list of three or more items (Oxford comma). (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Data | + | Data refer to 1949 Armistice boundaries, after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. |
- Explanation: The verb "refer" should be in the plural form "refer" to agree with the plural subject "Data." Additionally, "the" is needed before "1948 Arab-Israeli War" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Boundaries | + | Boundaries refer to the territories administered by the Republic of China, after the Cross-Strait Act (1992). |
- Explanation: The verb "administered" is the correct past participle form, not "administrated." Additionally, "the" is needed before "Cross-Strait Act" for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Different organisations define conurbations in the UK | + | Different organisations define conurbations in the UK differently; for example, the Liverpool–Manchester or the Manchester–Liverpool conurbation is defined as one conurbation by AESOP in a comparison report published by the University of Manchester in 2005. |
- Explanation: A semicolon is needed to separate two independent clauses, and "found here" is unnecessary and should be removed for clarity. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The area had an estimated population of | + | The area had an estimated population of 4,500,000 in 2010, spread over a combined area of 2,734 square kilometres (1,056 sq mi). |
- Explanation: In English, numbers in the thousands are typically separated by commas for clarity, so "4 500 000" should be corrected to "4,500,000." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The | + | The Detroit–Windsor border is the largest commercial border crossing in North America and the busiest between the two countries. |
- Explanation: The sentence uses a hyphen instead of an en dash in "Detroit-Windsor." An en dash is used to indicate a range or connection between two equal elements, such as cities. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | The majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. |
- Explanation: The sentence is missing the definite article "The" before "majority," which is necessary for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural | + | In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. |
- Explanation: The term "rural area" should be pluralized to "rural areas" to match the context of multiple smaller towns and regions being included. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The Wellington Metropolitan Area | + | The Wellington Metropolitan Area comprises the four cities of Wellington City, Porirua and the cities of Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, together known as Hutt Valley. |
- Explanation: The word "compromises" is incorrect in this context. The correct word is "comprises," which means to consist of or be made up of. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Decentralization also increased the | + | Decentralization also increased the incidence of rivalry between downtown and burgeoning business districts. |
- Explanation: The word "incidences" is incorrect in this context. The correct term is "incidence," which refers to the occurrence or frequency of an event. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | Hotels, which needed to have large staffs and required high occupancy rates to make a profit, were also deeply affected; in Manhattan, the hotel occupancy rate fell from 1929's 70% to around 50% in 1933. |
- Explanation: Commas are needed to set off the non-restrictive clause "which needed to have large staffs and required high occupancy rates to make a profit." Additionally, a comma is needed after "in Manhattan" to separate the introductory phrase from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Another sign that downtowns were no longer as central to city life as they once were | + | Another sign that downtowns were no longer as central to city life as they once were includes the decreased portion of retail trade that took place there as compared to the peripheral business areas, which profited by the growth of the chain stores, to the detriment of the big downtown department stores. |
- Explanation: The subject "Another sign" is singular, so the verb should be "includes" instead of "include" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Activities of daily living (ADL) is a term used in healthcare to refer to daily self | + | Activities of daily living (ADL) is a term used in healthcare to refer to daily self-care activities within an individual's place of residence, in outdoor environments, or both. |
- Explanation: The term "self care" should be hyphenated to "self-care" because it is a compound adjective describing the type of activities. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The ability and the extent to which the elderly can perform these activities | + | The ability and the extent to which the elderly can perform these activities are at the focus of gerontology and understandings of later life. |
- Explanation: The subject "The ability and the extent" is plural, so the verb should be "are" instead of "is" to maintain subject-verb agreement. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Active activities may be more or less | + | Active activities may be more or less intensive, ranging from walking, through jogging and cycling, to sports such as tennis or football. |
- Explanation: Commas are needed after "intensive" and "cycling" to separate the introductory phrase and to clarify the list of activities. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Privacy has been understood as entailing two different | + | Privacy has been understood as entailing two different concepts: namely informational privacy and decisional privacy. |
- Explanation: A colon is used instead of a semicolon to introduce a list or explanation following an independent clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Personal development or self-improvement consists of activities that | + | Personal development or self-improvement consists of activities that develop a person's capabilities and potential, enhance quality of life, and facilitate the realization of dreams and aspirations. |
- Explanation: The verb "develops" should be "develop" to agree with the plural subject "activities." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Personal development as an industry has several business-relationship formats | + | Personal development as an industry has several business-relationship formats for operating. |
- Explanation: The preposition "for" is more appropriate than "of" in this context to indicate the purpose or function of the formats. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | However, | + | However, two new ways have emerged: consumer-to-business and consumer-to-consumer. |
- Explanation: The sentence structure is incorrect. "Have emerged" is the correct past participle form to use with "have" for the present perfect tense. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Khurram Murad describes that personal development in Islam is to work towards eternal life in | + | Khurram Murad describes that personal development in Islam is to work towards eternal life in Jannah. |
- Explanation: The word "Jannuh" is a misspelling. The correct term is "Jannah," which refers to paradise in Islamic belief. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In contemporary China, personal development | + | In contemporary China, personal development remains a salient priority in social life, and is shaped by diverse traditions, including Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, as well as modern influences such as communist ideas of citizenship and capitalist conceptions of human capital. |
- Explanation: The verb "remain" should be "remains" to agree with the singular subject "personal development." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Carl Rogers proposed a theory about humanistic psychology called Self | + | Carl Rogers proposed a theory about humanistic psychology called Self-Concept. |
- Explanation: The term "Self Concept" should be hyphenated as "Self-Concept" to correctly represent it as a compound noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Viktor Frankl emphasized this by stating 'Genuine and lasting well-being is the result of a “life well- | + | Viktor Frankl emphasized this by stating 'Genuine and lasting well-being is the result of a “life well-lived.”' |
- Explanation: The closing quotation mark should be placed after the period to correctly punctuate the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In an article written by Ugur, H., Constantinescu, P.M., & Stevens, M.J. | + | In an article written by Ugur, H., Constantinescu, P.M., & Stevens, M.J. (2015), they described that society has taught us to create positive illusions that give the appearance of positive development but are only effective in the short term. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after the parenthetical citation to separate it from the main clause of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Some studies suggest that selfishness begins to diminish, and prosocial behaviors increase, between the ages of six years old | + | Some studies suggest that selfishness begins to diminish, and prosocial behaviors increase, between the ages of six years old and twelve years old. |
- Explanation: The correct conjunction to use in this context is "and" instead of "to" when specifying a range of ages. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The psychodynamic view of personal development varies from other | + | The psychodynamic view of personal development varies from other perspectives, namely, that the development of our traits, personalities, and thinking patterns is predominantly subconscious. |
- Explanation: The sentence should be combined with a comma to correctly connect the clauses, and "are" should be changed to "is" to agree with the singular subject "development." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Successive approximation—or shaping—most closely aligns with personal development. | + | Successive approximation—or shaping—most closely aligns with personal development goals. |
- Explanation: The sentence is missing a noun to complete the comparison. Adding "goals" clarifies what personal development is being aligned with. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Personal | + | Personal development can include gaining self-awareness of the course of one's lifespan. |
- Explanation: The term "personal development" should not be capitalized in this context as it is not a proper noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | It includes multiple definitions but is different from self | + | It includes multiple definitions but is different from self-knowledge. |
- Explanation: The term "self-knowledge" should be hyphenated to correctly form a compound noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The 2007 study of women's careers by Sylvia Ann | + | The 2007 study of women's careers by Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Off-Ramps and On-Ramps, had a major impact on the way companies view careers. |
- Explanation: The title of the study, "Off-Ramps and On-Ramps," should be set off with commas to clarify that it is the title of the work by Sylvia Ann Hewlett. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Further work on the career as a personal development process came from study by Herminia Ibarra in her Working Identity on the relationship | + | Further work on the career as a personal development process came from a study by Herminia Ibarra in her Working Identity on the relationship between career change and identity change, indicating that priorities of work and lifestyle continually develop through life. |
- Explanation: The article "a" is needed before "study" to indicate that it is one of possibly many studies. Additionally, "between" is the correct preposition to use when discussing a relationship involving two elements, in this case, career change and identity change. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including Homo erectus in China at Zhoukoudian, Homo rhodesiensis in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (Makapansgat), Homo neanderthalensis and Homo heidelbergensis in Europe at Archaeological Site of Atapuerca, Homo floresiensis in Indonesia, and the Denisovans in southern Siberia. | + | There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including Homo erectus in China at Zhoukoudian, Homo rhodesiensis in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (Makapansgat), Homo neanderthalensis and Homo heidelbergensis in Europe at the Archaeological Site of Atapuerca, Homo floresiensis in Indonesia, and the Denisovans in southern Siberia. |
- Explanation: The definite article "the" is needed before "Archaeological Site of Atapuerca" to specify the particular site being referred to. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The concept of home took on | + | The concept of home took on unprecedented prominence by the 18th century, reified by cultural practice. |
- Explanation: The word "unprecedent" is a misspelling. The correct form is "unprecedented," which means never done or known before. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | People of differing ages, genders, | + | People of differing ages, genders, ethnicities, and classes may have resultingly different meanings of home. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "ethnicities" to separate items in a list, following standard punctuation rules for lists in English. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been contended by anthropologists and | + | Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been contended by anthropologists and sociologists. |
- Explanation: The word "sociologist" should be plural to match "anthropologists," as both are subjects of the verb "has been contended." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Further psychological | + | Further psychological interpretation contends that homes serve the purpose of satisfying identity-based desires and expression and that it functions as a 'symbol of the self', bound to the events of one's life. |
- Explanation: The word "interperation" is a misspelling. The correct spelling is "interpretation." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Sociologist Shelley Mallett | + | Sociologist Shelley Mallett proposed the idea of home as abstractions: space, feeling, praxis or 'a way of being in the world'. |
- Explanation: The word "preposed" is a misspelling. The correct word is "proposed," which means to put forward an idea or plan for consideration. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Those without significant time spent | + | Those without significant time spent in a residence often struggle to consider home as a feature of residences. |
- Explanation: The phrase "spent of their life" is incorrect. The correct phrase is "spent in a residence," which properly conveys the idea of time being spent in a particular place. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The perception of one's home can extend beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, | + | The perception of one's home can extend beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, workplace, or nation, and one may feel as though they have multiple homes; to have felt at home beyond residence can be a significant element in one's appraisal of their life, a time in which notions of home, it has been observed, are more profound. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "nation" to separate the items in the list and to improve the readability of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Cleaning is broadly achieved through mechanical action and/or chemical processes (usually solvation); many methods rely on a combination of mechanical and chemical action | + | Cleaning is broadly achieved through mechanical action and/or chemical processes (usually solvation); many methods rely on a combination of mechanical and chemical action. |
- Explanation: The sentence ends with a colon, suggesting that a list or further explanation should follow. However, the text does not provide this continuation, making the colon unnecessary. Removing the colon corrects the incomplete structure. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | A special article was written in the December 12, | + | A special article was written in the December 12, 1937, The New York Times, quoting recent graduates of Elmira College, urging for courses in colleges for men on the care of children. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after the date "December 12, 1937" to separate it from the rest of the sentence, following standard date formatting rules. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Reporting that 'preparation for the greatest of all professions, that of motherhood and child-training, is being given the students at Elmira College in the Nursery School which is | + | Reporting that 'preparation for the greatest of all professions, that of motherhood and child-training, is being given the students at Elmira College in the Nursery School which is conducted as part of the Department of Euthenics.' |
- Explanation: The word "Conducted" should not be capitalized as it is not a proper noun or the beginning of a sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Many factors led to the movement never getting the funding it needed to remain relevant, including | + | Many factors led to the movement never getting the funding it needed to remain relevant, including vigorous debate about the exact meaning of euthenics, a strong antifeminism movement paralleling even stronger women's rights movements, confusion with the term eugenics, the economic impact of the Great Depression and two world wars. |
- Explanation: The colon after "including" is unnecessary and incorrect in this context. The list should follow directly after "including" without a colon. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This is a | + | This is a broader role than a cleaner, who is focused only on the cleaning aspect. |
- Explanation: The adjective "broad" should be in its comparative form "broader" to correctly compare the role of housekeeping to that of a cleaner. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | There are related concepts in industry known as workplace housekeeping and | + | There are related concepts in industry known as workplace housekeeping and industrial housekeeping, which are part of occupational health and safety processes. |
- Explanation: The term "Industrial" should be in lowercase to maintain consistency with "workplace housekeeping" and because it is not a proper noun in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | This process reduces the risk of damage to the items and | + | This process reduces the risk of damage to the items and removes the hazard they may cause for tripping and obstructing other activities. |
- Explanation: The verb "removed" should be in the present tense "removes" to maintain consistency with the present tense used throughout the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Without housecleaning, lime scale can build | + | Without housecleaning, lime scale can build up on taps, mold grows in wet areas, smudges appear on glass surfaces, dust builds up on surfaces, bacterial action makes the garbage disposal and toilet smell, and cobwebs accumulate. |
- Explanation: The phrase "build upon" should be "build up on" to correctly describe the accumulation of lime scale on taps. Additionally, a comma is needed before "and cobwebs accumulate" to separate the items in the list properly. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | One role of a housekeeper is often | + | One role of a housekeeper is often laundry, such as washing, folding, and packing away laundry items. |
- Explanation: The semicolon after "such as" is incorrect. A comma should be used to introduce the list of activities related to laundry. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Many household chemicals are | + | Many household chemicals are used in cleaning, scrubbing, and washing surfaces in the kitchen and bathroom. |
- Explanation: The verb "using" should be corrected to "used" to properly indicate the passive voice, which is appropriate in this context. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Family and consumer sciences are taught as an elective or required course in secondary education, as a continuing education course in institutions, and at the primary level. | + | Family and consumer sciences are taught as an elective or required course in secondary education, as a continuing education course in institutions, and at the primary level. |
- Explanation: The sentence is correct as it is. No correction is needed. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Now family and consumer | + | Now family and consumer sciences have been included in the broader subject of Career Technical Education, a program that teaches skilled trades, applied sciences, modern technologies, and career preparation. |
- Explanation: The subject "family and consumer sciences" is plural, so the verb should be "have" instead of "has." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Finland has a 110 | + | Finland has a 110-year history in home economics teacher education. |
- Explanation: A hyphen is needed in "110-year" because it is a compound adjective describing "history." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Reifensteiner Verband comprised from 1897 | + | Reifensteiner Verband comprised from 1897 to 1990 about 15 own schools and cooperated with further operators. |
- Explanation: The word "till" should be replaced with "to" for a more formal and correct expression of a time range. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Home economics | + | Home economics is known in Indonesia as Family Training and Welfare (Indonesian: Pembinaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, PKK). |
- Explanation: "Home economics" is a singular noun, so it should be followed by "is" instead of "are." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The new books are Family | + | The new books are Family Management and Planning Lifestyle for girls in secondary high schools and a similar book for boys as well. |
- Explanation: The titles of books should be capitalized. Additionally, "just as well" is redundant and should be simplified to "as well." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In Sweden, | + | In Sweden, home economics is commonly known as 'home- and consumer studies' (hem- och konsumentkunskap). |
- Explanation: "Home economics" should not be capitalized in this context as it is not a proper noun. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | After the 2011 Swedish school reform, the curriculum | + | After the 2011 Swedish school reform, the curriculum has been restructured with more focus on the topics of health, economy, and environment, which includes consumer economics as well as consumer awareness. |
- Explanation: "Curriculum" is a singular noun, so it should be followed by "has" instead of "have." Additionally, "consumer economics" and "consumer awareness" should not be capitalized as they are not proper nouns. Commas are needed to separate items in a list. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Hope organised a petition of 130 signatures of 'principal ladies of Scotland' demanding improved sewing | + | Hope organised a petition of 130 signatures of 'principal ladies of Scotland' demanding improved sewing lessons for girls in Scottish schools. |
- Explanation: "Lesson" should be pluralized to "lessons" to match the context of the sentence, which implies multiple lessons. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | While traditional home economics focused on preparing women to care for a family and home, family | + | While traditional home economics focused on preparing women to care for a family and home, family and consumer sciences continue to adapt its course offerings to meet the needs of students both for personal growth and professional opportunities. |
- Explanation: The term "family consumer science" should be corrected to "family and consumer sciences" to match the official name and maintain consistency throughout the text. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In | + | In 2020, the AAFCS estimated that there were 5 million students enrolled in FCS programs, a significant increase from past years that is still growing. |
- Explanation: The sentence should use the past tense "estimated" and "were" to maintain consistency with the past time frame indicated by "In 2020." Additionally, a comma is needed after "In 2020" for proper punctuation. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | On a surveyed day, | + | On a surveyed day, 49 percent of women and 20 percent of men reported doing housework. |
- Explanation: The word "percent" is repeated unnecessarily. It should only appear once after the numeral. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | + | Men's and women's perception of household responsibilities differ. |
- Explanation: The possessive form should be applied to both "men" and "women" to correctly indicate that the perception belongs to both groups. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Despite this difference in perception, a majority of married U.S. adults (56%) said that sharing household chores | + | Despite this difference in perception, a majority of married U.S. adults (56%) said that sharing household chores is 'very important' to a successful marriage. |
- Explanation: The verb "is" should be used instead of "as" to correctly complete the clause indicating the importance of sharing household chores. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Various recognized | + | Various recognized methods used by homemakers in lawn care are observed in any area. |
- Explanation: The word "method" should be pluralized to "methods" to agree with the plural verb "are." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In | + | In summer, lawn mowers are used at high cutting for cool season grass, and lower cutting for warm season lawns. |
- Explanation: A comma is needed after "In summer" to separate the introductory phrase from the main clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In autumn, lawns are mown by homemakers at a lower height and thatch build-up that occurs in warm season grasses | + | In autumn, lawns are mown by homemakers at a lower height and thatch build-up that occurs in warm season grasses is removed. |
- Explanation: The verb "are" should be changed to "is" to agree with the singular subject "thatch build-up." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Homemakers | + | Homemakers add sandy loam and apply fertilizer, containing some type of wetting agent. |
- Explanation: The word "do" is unnecessary and should be removed for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Household purchasing refers to homemaker's attempt to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of the household. | + | Household purchasing refers to a homemaker's attempt to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of the household. |
- Explanation: The article "a" is needed before "homemaker's" to indicate that it refers to any homemaker, not a specific one. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | The amount of | + | The amount of usage is determined by factors such as natural gas prices. |
- Explanation: The word "usages" should be singular "usage" to correctly match the singular verb "is." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Goods and services created by households are generally consumed within the same country, and hence contribute | + | Goods and services created by households are generally consumed within the same country, and hence contribute to a 'Domestic Consumption' category in national accounts. |
- Explanation: The preposition "to" is needed after "contribute" to correctly indicate the direction of the contribution. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | Often, houseplants from tropical areas are understory plants, and because they | + | Often, houseplants from tropical areas are understory plants, and because they grow in shady conditions naturally, they are often able to thrive in lower-light conditions. |
- Explanation: The verb "grown" is incorrect in this context. The correct form is "grow," which is the present tense needed to match the rest of the sentence. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In around 600 BC, King Nebuchadnezzar constructed a botanical garden for his wife, Queen Amytis, filling | + | In around 600 BC, King Nebuchadnezzar constructed a botanical garden for his wife, Queen Amytis, filling it with fragrant flowers. |
- Explanation: The pronoun "them" is incorrect because it refers to a singular noun "garden." The correct pronoun should be "it." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
| − | In the 17th century, fascination | + | In the 17th century, fascination with exotic plants grew among the aristocracy of France and England. |
- Explanation: The correct preposition to use with "fascination" is "with," not "in." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
- Explanation: The relative pronoun "that" is more appropriate than "which" when introducing a defining clause. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
- Explanation: The relative pronoun "who" is used for people, and "them" is needed to refer back to "houseplants." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
- Explanation: The correct spelling of the genus is "Sansevieria," not "Sanseveria." (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)
- Explanation: The word "it" is missing after "shown that," which is necessary for grammatical correctness. (scroll to sentence in article | edit article)