Winyah

Winyah
Close-up of Emanuel Bowen's 1752 map, Provinces of North & South Carolina, Georgia, depicting the location of the Winyah or 'Winyou' Indians.
Total population
Extinct
106 (1715)
Regions with significant populations
Winyah Bay, Black River, and the lower course of the Pee Dee River.
Languages
Siouan (Catawban)
Religion
Native American religion
Related ethnic groups
Cape Fear, Pedee, Waccamaw

The Winyah (/ˈwɪnjɑː/ WIN-yah) were a Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands who lived near Winyah Bay, the Black River, and the lower course of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina during the 18th century. In the early 20th century, anthropologist John R. Swanton suggested they had ceased to exist as a distinct group by 1720 and speculated that members of the tribe may have merged with the nearby Waccamaw. However, the Winyah appear thirty-two years later on a 1752 map between the Black River and Pee Dee River. Their ultimate fate remains unknown.

Etymology

The exact etymological meaning of Winyah is presently unknown, though the tribe's language is generally accepted as Catawban. Anglicized variants include Winyaw, Winyaws, Wanniah, Wyniaws, Weneaws, and Wineaus. Other recorded spellings include Wee Nee and likely Wee Tee. Linguists consider the analysis of these names uncertain; however, anthropologist John R. Swanton and later linguist Blair A. Rudes concluded that they likely correspond to the names Yenyohol or Yenyochol recorded in Spanish accounts of the Ayllón colony in 1526.

History

The Winyah have been considered by academics to be equivalent to the Yenyohol described to Peter Martyr d'Anghiera in early 15th century by Francisco de Chicora, a Native American man held captive by the Spanish following Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón's expedition to the Carolinas. It has been believed possible that members of the tribe may have also been enslaved by the Spanish at this time.

The Winyah were later mentioned by English colonists of South Carolina after 1670. The tribe was at first allied with the colonists who settled in Charles Town, but this friendship soon was shattered when European slavers instigated a war against them in 1683 as an excuse to capture slaves. During the Tuscarora War of 1711, John Barnwell brought twenty-four Winyah warriors on his expedition into North Carolina, but they deserted him prior to arriving for lack of guns or ammunition.

Just prior to the Yamasee War, in 1715, the Winyah people lived in a single village of 106 people. Later that year the Cheraw attempted to pressure the tribe into participating in the war against the English but they refused, instead remaining allies of the colonists. Following the war, in 1716, a number of Winyah moved to the Santee River. However, after two years these Winyah, along with others, joined the Cape Fear Indians who had been driven from their lands in North Carolina, in a move adjacent to a trading post operated by Meredith Hughes at Uaunee, within present-day Georgetown County, South Carolina. The Cape Fear Indians eventually settled inland from Charleston in present-day Williamsburg County, South Carolina.

When the Waccamaw settled along the Black River in 1718, the Winyah may have felt crowded, as they aided the English in the Waccamaw War in 1720. A 1722 map depicts the tribe on the south side of the Pee Dee River. In 1724, members of the Winyah requested reservation lands on which to settle from the colonial government of South Carolina. By 1728, it was proposed to settle the Winyah and a band of Pedee people on some part of the Santee River. However, by 1731, this plan, along with any other reservations in the South Carolina Lowcountry were abandoned.

The last certain record of the Winyah people appears on a 1752 map, placing them between the Black River and Pee Dee River. Traditionally, anthropologist John R. Swanton proposed that the tribe disappeared by 1720 and speculated that its members may have merged with the nearby Waccamaw. Their ultimate fate remains unknown.

Legacy

While the Winyah are considered to have vanished by the mid-18th century, there are many namesakes of the tribe, including:

Notes

  1. ^ a b Milling, Chapman J. (1969). Red Carolinians (2nd ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. p. 222.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Swanton, 103.
  3. ^ Swanton, 102–03.
  4. ^ Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 103. ISBN 9780806317304. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  5. ^ Bowen, Emanuel. "A new & accurate map of the provinces of North & South Carolina, Georgia &c., 1752". www.loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  6. ^ Swanton, 102–03.
  7. ^ a b c Rudes, Blair A.; Blumer, Thomas J.; May, J. Alan (2004). "Catawba and Neighboring Groups". Southeast Handbook of North American Indians. 14: 318.
  8. ^ "The Pedee, Waccamaw, And Winyaw; The Hooks and Backhooks Indians – Access Genealogy". accessgenealogy.com. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  9. ^ Bierer, Bert W. (1972). South Carolina Indian Lore. Columbia, S.C.: State Printing Company. pp. 13–14.
  10. ^ South, Stanley (1972). "The Unabridged Version of Tribes of the Carolina Lowland: Pedee - Sewee - Winyaw - Waccamaw - Cape Fear - Congaree - Wateree - Santee". Research Manuscript Series. Columbia: The South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology--University of South Carolina: 31.
  11. ^ a b c South, "The Tribes of the Carolina Lowland, 31.
  12. ^ a b c South, "The Tribes of the Carolina Lowland, 32.
  13. ^ Milling. Red Carolinians. p. 222.
  14. ^ Hicks, Theresa M.; Taukchiray, Wes (1998). South Carolina Indians, Indian Traders, and Other Ethnic Connections Beginning in 1670. Spartanburg, S.C.: The Reprint Company. p. 32.

References